The role of matrix metalloproteinases in the morphogenesis of the cerebellar cortex

Abstract

The morphogenesis of the cerebellar cortex depends on intrinsic genetic programs as well as orchestrated cell-cell/cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family comprises of more than 20 members that catalyze the degradation of all the protein constituents of the ECM. These proteolytic endopeptidases mediate cell-cell/cell-ECM interactions by remodeling the ECM and modulating the activity of membrane-associated receptors. The activity of MMPs is negatively controlled by the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). The MMPs and TIMPs regulate diverse neuronal functions including migration, process extension and synaptic plasticity. MMP-2, -3, -9, membrane type 5-MMP (MT5-MMP), TIMP-1, -2 and -3 are expressed in the developing cerebellum. The spatiotemporal pattern of expression/activity of these enzymes suggests that they play a role in the development of the cerebellar cortex. Blockage of MMP-2/-9 activity by specific inhibitors or blocking antibody, as well as using MMP-9 knock-out mice, clearly establishes that MMP-2/-9 participates in the regulation of morphogenesis of the cerebellum. The potential contributions of these enzymes to granule neuron migration, Purkinje cell dendritogenesis and synaptogenesis are discussed.