Rapid recycling of cholesterol: the joint biologic role of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A

Abstract

Proteins that are highly conserved throughout evolution are presumed to have critical roles in the survival of the species. The two major acute phase proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) increase up to 1000-fold during inflammation. Both proteins have been highly conserved phylogenetically for at least the last 500 million years. Thus far the physiologic role and the evolutionary significance of each remains uncertain and their potential interactions have been totally ignored despite a vast and accelerating scientific literature on the involvement of each in human disease. CRP is known to bind to phosphocholine in dead eukaryote and some live bacterial cell walls suggesting that CRP facilitates the phagocytosis of fragmented or intact dead cells and/or enhances host bacterial defenses. SAA has recently been shown to increase the rate of export of cholesterol of phagocytosed cell membranes from macrophages fourfold. We postulate that their combined physiological role is to facilitate the rapid endogenous recycling of cell membrane cholesterol and phospholipids during acute inflammation. CRP promotes efficient phagocytosis of dying cells by macrophages; SAA enhances the export of their free cholesterol/phospholipid for reuse in the membranes of the hundreds of billions of new cells required daily during acute inflammation and repair. The evolutionary conservation of these proteins in species from the horseshoe crab and echinoderms to humans suggests that the rapid endogenous recycling of cholesterol and phospholipids during the highly vulnerable period of acute inflammation is critical for their continual survival.