Plasma and plasma products in the treatment of massive haemorrhage

Abstract

Massive haemorrhage requires the use of plasma products when it is accompanied by a coagulopathy or when the more than one blood volume has been lost and intractable bleeding continues. The coagulopathy results from haemorrhagic shock, hypothermia, and activation, consumption and dilution of coagulation factors. Plasma products have a critical role in maintaining sufficient levels of coagulation proteins to ensure haemostasis can occur. Fresh frozen plasma is a source of all coagulation proteins and is required when the prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time exceed 1.5 times the normal control. Cryoprecipitate is the plasma product of choice if fibrinogen, the most critical coagulation protein, is required rapidly and to maintain levels at >1g/L. Prothrombin complex concentrates, monocomponent factor therapy and fibrin sealants each have a role in specific clinical settings. Recombinant factor VIIa has now been shown to have a role in massive haemorrhage. Randomised controlled trials are currently underway to determine the optimal dose and timing of its administration. The physiology and management of the coagulation disturbance using plasma products in the massive haemorrhage of specific clinical situations are described.