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. 2006 Feb;12(2):227-34.
doi: 10.3201/eid1202.050640.

Free-grazing ducks and highly pathogenic avian influenza, Thailand

Marius Gilbert  1 , Prasit Chaitaweesub, Tippawon Parakamawongsa, Sith Premashthira, Thanawat Tiensin, Wantanee Kalpravidh, Hans Wagner, Jan Slingenbergh
Affiliations

Free-grazing ducks and highly pathogenic avian influenza, Thailand

Marius Gilbert et al. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Feb.

Abstract

Thailand has recently had 3 epidemic waves of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI); virus was again detected in July 2005. Risk factors need to be identified to better understand disease ecology and assist HPAI surveillance and detection. This study analyzed the spatial distribution of HPAI outbreaks in relation to poultry, land use, and other anthropogenic variables from the start of the second epidemic wave (July 2004-May 2005). Results demonstrate a strong association between H5N1 virus in Thailand and abundance of free-grazing ducks and, to a lesser extent, native chickens, cocks, wetlands, and humans. Wetlands used for double-crop rice production, where free-grazing duck feed year round in rice paddies, appear to be a critical factor in HPAI persistence and spread. This finding could be important for other duck-producing regions in eastern and southeastern Asian countries affected by HPAI.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Number of daily highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks, Thailand, July 3, 2004–May 5, 2005. Shown are laboratory-confirmed H5N1 cases only, with the dates matching actual detection of clinical disease.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Distribution of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in chickens and ducks, Thailand, July 3, 2004–May 5, 2005, and respective distribution of broilers and layers hens, native chicken, meat and layer ducks, and free-grazing duck populations, highlighting the correlation between HPAI outbreak distribution and free-grazing duck populations. The divisions are Thailand provinces.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Distribution of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in chickens and ducks, Thailand, July 3, 2004–May 5, 2005, and respective distribution of broilers and layers hens, native chicken, meat and layer ducks, and free-grazing duck populations.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Distribution of A) duck and B) rice production areas in Thailand.
Figure A1
Figure A1
Distribution of Thailand subdistricts.
Figure A2
Figure A2
nverted spatial correlograms of highly pathogenic avian influenza presence or absence in Thailand. A) all outbreaks; B) outbreaks in chickens; C), outbreaks in ducks; D) all outbreaks in Suphanburi Province; E) outbreaks in chickens in Suphanburi Province; F) outbreaks in Suphanburi Province in ducks.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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