Burden of illness in bipolar depression

Abstract

Bipolar depression is the underrecognized and unappreciated phase of bipolar disorder. Nevertheless, bipolar depression is responsible for much of the morbidity and mortality associated with the disorder. Depressive symptoms are far more prevalent than hypomanic or manic symptoms in bipolar patients, and they are associated with a heavier burden of illness, including reduced functioning, increased risk of suicidal acts, and high economic costs. Because most patients with bipolar disorder present with depression, misdiagnoses of major depressive disorder are common, even typical. Comorbid psychiatric disorders are also prevalent and may obscure the diagnosis and complicate treatment strategies. Depressed patients should be carefully assessed for manic or hypomanic symptoms to help reveal possible bipolar disorder. In addition to evaluation of psychiatric symptoms, a close examination of family history, course of illness, and treatment response will aid the clinician in making an accurate diagnosis. Treatment of acute depression in bipolar patients may require therapy combining agents such as lithium, divalproex, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, and atypical antipsychotics or using such agents in combination with an anti-depressant. Olanzapine/fluoxetine combination is the only medication currently approved for the treatment of bipolar depression. Antidepressant monotherapy should not be used, because there is evidence that such treatment increases the risk of switching into mania/hypomania and could induce treatment-refractory conditions such as mixed or rapid-cycling states. Maintenance therapy will be required by most patients, since discontinuation of mood stabilizers or antidepressants frequently leads to relapses in depressive symptoms. Prompt diagnosis and the use of specific therapeutic agents with evidence of efficacy may help reduce the disease burden associated with bipolar depression.

Figure 1.

Primary Diagnoses for 108 Consecutive Depressed and/or Anxious Patients in a Family Practice Setting^a

Figure 2.

Patients With Acute Bipolar I Depression Responding to Lamotrigine vs. Placebo^a

Figure 3.

Comparison of Response Rates With Olanzapine/ Fluoxetine Combination (OFC; N = 86), Olanzapine Monotherapy (N = 370), and Placebo (N = 377) in the Treatment of Bipolar I Depression^a

Figure 4.

Change in MADRS Score With Quetiapine Monotherapy vs. Placebo in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Patients With Bipolar Depression^a

Figure 5.

Time to Intervention for Depression After a Depressive Episode With Lamotrigine vs. Lithium and Placebo as Bipolar Maintenance Therapy (Kaplan-Meier analysis)^a