Residues Tyr253 and Glu255 in strand 3 of beta-sheet C of antithrombin are key determinants of an exosite made accessible by heparin activation to promote rapid inhibition of factors Xa and IXa

Abstract

We previously showed that conformational activation of the anticoagulant serpin, antithrombin, by heparin generates new exosites in strand 3 of beta-sheet C, which promote the reaction of the inhibitor with the target proteases, factor Xa and factor IXa. To determine which residues comprise the exosites, we mutated strand 3C residues that are conserved in all vertebrate antithrombins. Combined mutations of the three conserved surface-accessible residues, Tyr253,Glu255, and Lys257, or of just Tyr253 and Glu255, but not any of these residues alone, was sufficient to reproduce the exosite defects of a strand 3C antithrombin-alpha1-proteinase inhibitor chimera in reactions of the heparin-activated variants with both factor Xa and factor IXa. Importantly, the exosite-defective antithrombins bound heparin with nearly wild-type affinities, and the heparin-activated mutants showed near normal reactivities with thrombin, a protease that does not utilize the exosite. Mutation of the conserved but partially buried strand 3C residue, Gln254, the reactive loop P6' residue, Arg399, which interacts with Glu255, or a residue proposed to constitute the exosite from modeling studies, Glu237, all produced minimal effects on antithrombin reactivity with thrombin, factor Xa, and factor IXa in the absence or presence of heparin. Together, these results indicate that Tyr253 and Glu255 are key exosite determinants responsible for promoting the reactions of conformationally activated antithrombin with both factor Xa and factor IXa.