Changes in risk factors for cardiovascular disease by baseline weight status in young adults who maintain or gain weight over 15 years: the CARDIA study

Abstract

Objectives: To examine whether changes in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors differ by baseline weight status among young adults who maintained or gained weight.

Design: Longitudinal cohort study.

Subjects: White and African Americans who either maintained (+/-5 pounds; n=488) or gained (>5 pounds; n=2788) weight over 15 years.

Measurements: Anthropometrics and CVD risk factors were measured at baseline (1985-1986) and follow-up. Participants were classified as normal weight (body mass index (BMI) 18.5-24.9 kg/m2) or overweight (BMI >or=25 kg/m2) at baseline. Multivariable models were stratified by ethnicity and weight change category.

Results: Normal weight maintainers tended to have more favorable risk factors at baseline and follow-up than overweight maintainers. Size and direction of 15-year changes in risk factors were similar by weight status, except that in white normal weight maintainers changes in high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (3.3 mg/dl (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.4, 6.3)) and triglycerides (-14.7 mg/dl (-25.8, -3.7)) were more favorable. Weight gain was associated with unfavorable changes in risk factors. Weight gainers normal weight at baseline had less adverse changes in glucose, blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol (whites only) and triglycerides (African Americans only) than overweight gainers. However, normal weight African-American weight gainers had more adverse changes in total (3.1 mg/dl (0.2, 6.1)) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (3.4 mg/dl (0.6, 6.3)).

Conclusions: Baseline weight status does not appear to influence the size or direction of risk factor changes among adults who maintained their weight over 15 years. In contrast, weight gain was associated with changes in some risk factors differentially by baseline weight status.

Figure 1

The 15-year mean changes and 95% confidence intervals for cardiovascular disease risk factors among white (a) and African-American (b) weight maintainers who were normal weight or overweight at baseline, the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, 1995–2001. All models were adjusted for gender, age, education level, baseline risk factor, smoking status, physical activity, alcoholic beverage consumption status, field center, elapsed time between visits and weight fluctuation. *Significant difference (P<0.05) between normal weight maintainers and overweight maintainers.

Figure 2

The 15-year mean changes and 95% confidence intervals for cardiovascular disease risk factors among white (a) and African-American (part b) weight gainers who were normal weight or overweight at, the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, 1995–2001. All models were adjusted for gender, age, education level, baseline risk factor, smoking status, physical activity, alcoholic beverage consumption status, field center, elapsed time between visits and weight fluctuation. Blood pressure and lipid models were adjusted for antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medications, respectively. *Significant difference (P<0.05) between normal weight gainers and overweight gainers.