doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.03.054.
The path of DNA in the kinetochore
Affiliations
- PMID: 16631569
- PMCID: PMC2112771
- DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.03.054
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The path of DNA in the kinetochore
Curr Biol.
.
No abstract available
Figures
Proposed structure for centromere DNA in the kinetochore. (Top) Bi-oriented sister chromatids adopt a cruciform structure. Centromere-flanking chromatin is held together by intrastrand cohesin bridges, and chromosome arms by interstrand cohesin bridges. The transition between these two regions in budding yeast is mobile and on average 7 kb from the centromere core. (Bottom) The Cse4-containing nucleosome (orange circle) and flanking nucleosomes (green circles) are proximal to the microtubule plus-end. The microtubule (left) is encompassed by the Dam1 ring (pink) [15,16] and elongated Ndc80 rods (purple)[17]. Binding of CBF3 complex (black), bends centromere DNA ∼55° [5], forming a C-loop of chromatin held together by intrastrand cohesin (yellow rings). Additional kinetochore complexes (Coma and Mind in tan and blue, respectively) are proposed to link CBF3 and the C-loop to Ndc80, Dam1, and other linker complexes at the microtubule plus-end.
Positional instability of the C-loop.We propose that cohesins (rings) form complexes on sister chromatids in both lateral (interstrand) and longitudinal (intrastrand) directions relative to the direction of microtubule-based forces (arrows). Intrastrand cohesins clamp the C-loop, facilitating its elongation and movement of centromere ends (black rectangles). Forces (F⃗ vector displacement) from attached microtubules act predominantly in the lateral direction, destabilizing interchromatid cohesins (see Figure S2). Fluorescence imaging techniques demonstrate that centromere reassociation during mitosis is infrequent (v = 0.4% of experiment time) [2] and predict elongation of the ends proximal to microtubules with a velocity of ∼1 μm/min [2]. This observation suggests that the dynamic equilibrium between disruption of interchromatid cohesion and formation of intrachromatid cohesin tethers is shifted towards the latter process (compare schematics above and below), and predicts a higher density of intrachromatid cohesin bridges along the flanking chromatin. Addition of intrastrand cohesins progressively tethers the region between transition zone and centromere ends, thereby facilitating lateral elongation of centromere ends. The cohesion-free region is fluctuating around the same mean value (denoted by dashed lines), governed by the balance between the cohesive forces and microtubule-induced forces (see discussion in Supplemental Data). From the frequency and magnitude of separation previously observed between sister kinetochores in live cells, we estimate the stabilization caused by the kinetics of conversion of inter- to intra-chromatid cohesin tethers as ΔΔGelong∼ -RT ln(l/v) ≈ -3.5 kcal mol-1 (see Supplemental Data). We expect the actual stabilization to be larger than ΔΔGelong due to the limits in resolution of fluorescence microscopy. Thus, centromeric cohesin complexes may have a direct functional role in stabilizing the elongating centromere instead of producing an opposing force against pulling by microtubules. Upon loss of force the sister centromeres are predicted to return to the lowest free energy state, that of interstrand sister chromatid cohesion.
References
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- McAinsh AD, Tytell JD, Sorger PK. Structure, function, and regulation of budding yeast kinetochores. Annu. Rev Cell Dev. Biol. 2003;19:519–539. - PubMed
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- Blat Y, Kleckner N. Cohesins bind to preferential sites along yeast chromosome III, with differential regulation along arms versus the centric region. Cell. 1999;98:249–259. - PubMed
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