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. 2006 Jun;78(6):973-87.
doi: 10.1086/504113. Epub 2006 Apr 11.

Diplotype trend regression analysis of the ADH gene cluster and the ALDH2 gene: multiple significant associations with alcohol dependence

Xingguang Luo  1 , Henry R Kranzler, Lingjun Zuo, Shuang Wang, Nicholas J Schork, Joel Gelernter
Affiliations

Diplotype trend regression analysis of the ADH gene cluster and the ALDH2 gene: multiple significant associations with alcohol dependence

Xingguang Luo et al. Am J Hum Genet. 2006 Jun.

Abstract

The set of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes has considerable genetic and functional complexity. The relationships between some alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) genes and alcohol dependence (AD) have long been studied in many populations, but not comprehensively. In the present study, we genotyped 16 markers within the ADH gene cluster (including the ADH1A, ADH1B, ADH1C, ADH5, ADH6, and ADH7 genes), 4 markers within the ALDH2 gene, and 38 unlinked ancestry-informative markers in a case-control sample of 801 individuals. Associations between markers and disease were analyzed by a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) test, a conventional case-control comparison, a structured association analysis, and a novel diplotype trend regression (DTR) analysis. Finally, the disease alleles were fine mapped by a Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium (HWD) measure (J). All markers were found to be in HWE in controls, but some markers showed HWD in cases. Genotypes of many markers were associated with AD. DTR analysis showed that ADH5 genotypes and diplotypes of ADH1A, ADH1B, ADH7, and ALDH2 were associated with AD in European Americans and/or African Americans. The risk-influencing alleles were fine mapped from among the markers studied and were found to coincide with some well-known functional variants. We demonstrated that DTR was more powerful than many other conventional association methods. We also found that several ADH genes and the ALDH2 gene were susceptibility loci for AD, and the associations were best explained by several independent risk genes.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
ADH gene cluster
Figure 2
Figure 2
LD analysis for ADH and ALDH2 markers in EAs and AAs. a, ADH genes in EAs. b, ADH genes in AAs. c, ALDH2 gene in EAs or AAs.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Fine mapping the risk alleles at the ADH gene cluster in EA cases on the basis of J values. The X-axis represents the marker names; the Y-axis represents the J values. Marker numbers (which do not include markers mapped to the ADH4 gene) correspond to the order presented in table 2. The marker ADH1B∧SNP16 (i.e., ADH2*Arg/His, with the highest J value) is included in the left figure but excluded in the right figure (to enlarge the scale of the Y-axis).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Pairwise correlations between different genotypes (at the ADH5 and ADH6 genes), diplotypes (at other genes) in EAs (a) and AAs (b). The gene names corresponding to the genotypes and diplotypes are shown on the axes, but the detailed names of genotypes and diplotypes are not shown (the names of parts of the risk genotypes and diplotypes can be found in table 6). The colored scale denotes the correlation coefficient (r). This figure was generated using the program GOLD.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

Web Resources

    1. Applied Biosystems (ABI), http://www.appliedbiosystems.com/
    1. dbSNP, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/
    1. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/ (for AD, ADH1B, ADH1C, ADH5, ADH4, ADH7, ALDH2, ADH6, and ADH1A)
    1. PowerMarker, http://www.powermarker.net/ (for genetic data analysis software)

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