Early herbivore alert: insect eggs induce plant defense

Abstract

Plants are able to "notice" insect egg deposition and to respond by activating direct and indirect defenses. An overview of these defenses and the underlying mechanisms is given from a tritrophic perspective. First, the interface between plant and eggs is addressed with respect to the mode of attachment of eggs on the plant surface. It is elucidated which plant cells might respond to components from insect eggs or the egg deposition. The scarce knowledge on the elicitors associated with the eggs or the egg-laying female is outlined. Since endosymbiotic microorganisms are often present on the eggs, and microorganisms are also abundant on the leaf surface, the role of these hidden players for eliciting oviposition-induced plant responses is considered. Furthermore, the question of which physiological and molecular processes are induced within the plant in response to egg deposition is addressed. Second, studies on the response of the herbivorous insect to oviposition-induced plant defenses are outlined. Third, the importance of oviposition-induced plant volatiles and contact cues for host and prey location of parasitoids and predators is discussed in the context of other informative chemicals used by carnivores when searching for food. Finally, physiological and ecological costs of oviposition-induced plant responses are addressed.