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. 2006 Jun;141(2):312-22.
doi: 10.1104/pp.106.077073.

Reactive species and antioxidants. Redox biology is a fundamental theme of aerobic life

Barry Halliwell  1
Affiliations

Reactive species and antioxidants. Redox biology is a fundamental theme of aerobic life

Barry Halliwell. Plant Physiol. 2006 Jun.
No abstract available

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
A simplified version of bonding in the diatomic oxygen molecule and its derivatives. The oxygen atom has eight electrons, O2 has 16 electrons. Adapted from Halliwell and Gutteridge (2006) by courtesy of Oxford University Press.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
How cells respond to oxidative stress. Adapted from Halliwell and Gutteridge (2006) by courtesy of Oxford University Press. Stimulation of proliferation by low levels of reactive species is associated with increased net phosphorylation of multiple proteins. The cell is generally a reducing environment, especially the mitochondria (GSH/GSSG > 100) and cytosol (GSH/GSSG > 100), but less so in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen (GSH/GSSG = approximately 3), since a more-oxidizing environment is required for optimal protein folding and disulphide bridge formation. HO-1, Haem oxygenase 1; RS, reactive species.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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