Can antibiotic prescriptions in respiratory tract infections be improved? A cluster-randomized educational intervention in general practice--the Prescription Peer Academic Detailing (Rx-PAD) Study [NCT00272155]

Abstract

Background: More than half of all antibiotic prescriptions in general practice are issued for respiratory tract infections (RTIs), despite convincing evidence that many of these infections are caused by viruses. Frequent misuse of antimicrobial agents is of great global health concern, as we face an emerging worldwide threat of bacterial antibiotic resistance. There is an increasing need to identify determinants and patterns of antibiotic prescribing, in order to identify where clinical practice can be improved.

Methods/design: Approximately 80 peer continuing medical education (CME) groups in southern Norway will be recruited to a cluster randomized trial. Participating groups will be randomized either to an intervention- or a control group. A multifaceted intervention has been tailored, where key components are educational outreach visits to the CME-groups, work-shops, audit and feedback. Prescription Peer Academic Detailers (Rx-PADs), who are trained GPs, will conduct the educational outreach visits. During these visits, evidence-based recommendations of antibiotic prescriptions for RTIs will be presented and software will be handed out for installation in participants PCs, enabling collection of prescription data. These data will subsequently be linked to corresponding data from the Norwegian Prescription Database (NorPD). Individual feedback reports will be sent all participating GPs during and one year after the intervention. Main outcomes are baseline proportion of inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions for RTIs and change in prescription patterns compared to baseline one year after the initiation of the tailored pedagogic intervention.

Discussion: Improvement of prescription patterns in medical practice is a challenging task. A thorough evaluation of guidelines for antibiotic treatment in RTIs may impose important benefits, whereas inappropriate prescribing entails substantial costs, as well as undesirable consequences like development of antibiotic resistance. Our hypothesis is that an educational intervention program will be effective in improving prescription patterns by reducing the total number of antibiotic prescriptions, as well as reducing the amount of broad-spectrum antibiotics, with special emphasis on macrolides.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00272155.

Figure 1

Flow of practices through The Rx-PAD Study. *Electronic Patient Record, **Norwegian Prescription Database, ***Prescription Peer Academic Detailer

Figure 2

Example of pop-up on physician's computer screen. The pop-up appears when the physician is about to prescribe antibiotics for a respiratory tract infection (RTI), and enables the physician to decide whether the prescription is 1) to be dispensed immediately or 2) to be dispensed in a specified number of days, with advice to the patient to wait and see if the condition improves spontaneously, so-called "delayed prescription". Type of prescription and recommended delay (n days) for delayed prescriptions will be registered in the study software installed in the physicians computer and analysed by research staff.

Figure 3

Logistics of data collection. Flow-chart of merging process of prescription data provided by the Norwegian Prescription Database (NorPD) and data from the electronic patient record (EPR) systems. Patients' Civil Personal Registration (CPR) numbers are unique Norwegian residents' identification keys. Health Personnel Registration (HPR) numbers are unique Norwegian health personnel registration keys. Identifiable data will be deleted from the research database when the merge is completed, as the de-identified personal IDs will be sufficient for the subsequent data analysis. Statistics Norway, which is the public institution in Norway responsible for collecting, analyzing and disseminating official statistics, will provide CPR and HPR pseudonyms making it possible to merge the two data sources.