Interobservational variation in determining fusion rates in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion procedures

Abstract

The fusion rate represents one of the most commonly used criteria for evaluating the efficacy of spinal surgical techniques and the effectiveness of newly developed instrumentation and spinal implants. Reported fusion rates are not frequently supported by adequate information regarding by whom and how fusion was defined. In our prospective study we examined the fusion rate in patients undergoing first time anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for degenerative disease. Separate, well-defined radiographic fusion criteria were used and the 12-month post-operative X-rays were reviewed independently by a neurosurgeon, a neuroradiologist and an orthopedic surgeon, who were not involved in the patients' management. The observed fusion rates were 77.3, 87.8 and 84.7% respectively. Statistical analysis demonstrated concordance rates of 87.8, 91 and 91.4% and Kappa coefficients of 0.585, 0.620 and 0.723 for each pair of evaluators. Another set of ratings of the same radiographs, by the same interviewers, was obtained 6 weeks after the initial one. The reported fusion rates were 78.2% for the neurosurgeon, 87.4% for the orthopedic surgeon, and 86.1% for the neuroradiologist. Statistical analysis demonstrated intra-observer concordance rates of 98.7, 92.2 and 97.9% respectively, while the Kappa coefficients were 0.963, 0.677 and 0.907 for each reviewer. Our findings confirm the necessity of defining and describing criteria for fusion whenever this rate is reported in clinical series. The lack of widely accepted, well-defined criteria makes comparison of these results difficult. The development of a well organized, prospective clinical study in which fusion and outcome will be assessed by both clinical and radiographic parameters could significantly contribute to a more accurate evaluation of overall outcome of cervical spinal procedures.

Fig. 1

Characteristic examples of post-operative lateral X-rays of the cervical spine obtained 12 months post-operatively, demonstrating solid fusion

Fig. 2

Characteristic examples of post-operative lateral X-rays of the cervical spine obtained 12 months post-operatively, demonstrating non-union

Fig. 3

Characteristic examples of post-operative lateral X-rays of the cervical spine obtained 12 months post-operatively, demonstrating questionable fusion

Fig.4

Comparative fusion rates for each reviewer, based on the first and second postoperative X-ray evaluations