Whence cometh the allosterome?

Abstract

Regulation of cellular functions can be accomplished by many mechanisms, including transcriptional regulation, alternative splicing, translational regulation, phosphorylation and other posttranslational covalent modifications, degradation, localization, protein-protein interactions, and small-molecule allosteric effectors. Largely because of advances in the techniques of molecular biology in the past few decades, our knowledge of regulation by most of these mechanisms has expanded enormously. Regulation by small-molecule, allosteric interactions is an exception. Many of the best-known allosteric regulators were discovered decades ago, when we knew little about all of these other forms of regulation. Allostery is the most direct, rapid, and efficient regulatory mechanism to sense changes in the concentration of small molecules and alter cellular responses to maintain homeostasis. In this perspective, we present the argument that allosteric regulation is underappreciated in the systems biology world and that many allosteric effectors remain to be discovered.

Fig. 1.

Percent of papers listed in PubMed (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi) describing transcription, phosphorylation, and allostery during the past 4 decades. Titles and abstracts were searched for the following terms: “alloster*,” “protein kinase” OR “tyrosine kinase” OR “ser/thr kinase” OR “phosphorylase kinase” OR “phosphoprotein” OR “protein phosphorylation,” and “transcription*.” The number of papers identified was divided by the total number of papers published during the time interval.