Surgical treatment of nonarticular distal tibia fractures

Abstract

Distal tibia metaphyseal fractures can be difficult to manage. Treatment selection is influenced by the proximity of the fracture to the plafond, fracture displacement, comminution, and injury to the soft-tissue envelope. Nonsurgical management is possible for stable fractures with minimal shortening. Indications for intramedullary nailing have expanded to include distal metaphyseal tibia fractures. Intramedullary nailing allows atraumatic, closed stabilization while preserving the vascularity of the fracture site and integrity of the soft-tissue envelope. Intramedullary canal anatomy at this level prevents intimate contact between the nail and endosteum, however, and concerns have been raised regarding the biomechanical stability of fixation and risk of malunion. Plate fixation is effective in stabilizing distal tibia fractures. Conventional techniques involve extensive dissection and periosteal stripping, which increase the risk of soft-tissue complications. Percutaneous plating techniques use indirect reduction methods and allow stabilization of distal tibia fractures while preserving vascularity of the soft-tissue envelope. External fixation is effective in the setting of contaminated wounds or extensive soft-tissue injury. Careful preoperative planning with consideration for fracture pattern and soft-tissue condition helps guide implant selection and minimize postoperative complications.