Regulation of the Drosophila melanogaster protein, enhancer of rudimentary, by casein kinase II

Abstract

The Drosophila melanogaster gene enhancer of rudimentary, e(r), encodes a conserved protein, ER. Most ER homologs share two casein kinase II (CKII) target sites. In D. melanogaster, these sites are T18 and S24. A third CKII site, T63, has been seen only in drosophilids. The conservation of these CKII sites, particularly T18 and S24, suggests a role for these residues in the function of the protein. To test this hypothesis, these positions were mutated either to alanine as a nonphosphorylated mimic or to glutamic acid as a phosphorylated mimic. The mutations were tested individually or in double or triple combinations for their ability to rescue either a wing truncation characteristic of the genotype e(r)(p1) r(hd1-12) or the synthetic lethal interaction between e(r)(p2) and the Notch allele N(nd-p). All of the substitutions as single mutations rescued both mutant phenotypes, arguing that individually the phosphorylation of the three residues does not affect ER activity. The double mutants T18A-S24A and T18E-S24E and the triple mutants T18A-S24A-T63A and T18E-S24E-T63E failed to rescue. Together the data support the following model for the regulation of ER by CKII. ER that is unphosphorylated at both T18A and S24 is inactive. CKII activates ER by phosphorylating either T18 or S24. Further phosphorylation to produce the doubly phosphorylated protein inactivates ER.

Figure 1.—

Wing phenotypes characteristic of rudimentary and enhancer of rudimentary mutants. Mutants show a disruption of the regular array of bristles on the posterior edge of the wing and a distal truncation of the wing (Green 1963). A wild-type wing is given a value of 1, whereas a wing characteristic of a rudimentary deficiency is given a value of 5. Wings of the hypomorphic mutant r^hd1-12 typically have a phenotype with a value of 2. Wings of the double mutant e(r)^p1 r^hd1-12 have a phenotype with a value of 3–4.