Persistent posttraumatic cerebrospinal fluid leakage

Abstract

Object: Persistent posttraumatic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage frequently complicates skull base fractures. Although many CSF leaks will cease without treatment, patients with CSF leaks that persist greater than 24 hours may be at increased risk for meningitis, and many will require surgical intervention. The authors reviewed their 15-year experience with posttraumatic CSF leaks that persisted longer than 24 hours.

Methods: The authors reviewed the medical records of 51 patients treated between 1984 and 1998 with CSF leaks that persisted for 24 hours or longer after traumatic head injury. In 27 patients (55%) spontaneous resolution of CSF leakage occurred at an average of 5 days posttrauma. In 23 patients (45%) surgery was required to resolve the leakage. Eight patients (16%) with occult CSF leaks presented with recurrent meningitis at an average of 6.5 years posttrauma. Forty-three (84%) patients with CSF leaks sustained a skull fracture, most commonly involving the frontal sinus, whereas parenchymal brain injury or extraaxial hematoma was demonstrated in only 18 patients (35%). Delayed CSF leaks, with an average onset of 13 days posttrauma, were observed in eight patients (16%). Among patients with clinically evident CSF leakage, the frequency of meningitis was 10% with antibiotic prophylaxis, and 21% without antibiotic prophylaxis. Thus, prophylactic antibiotic administration halved the risk of meningitis. A variety of surgical approaches was used, and no significant neurological morbidity occurred. Three (13%) of 23 surgically treated patients required additional surgery to treat continued CSF leakage.

Conclusions: A significant proportion of patients with CSF leaks that persist greater than 24 hours will require surgical intervention. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy may be effective in this group of patients. Patients with skull base or frontal sinus fractures should be followed to detect the occurrence of delayed leakage. Surgery-related outcome is excellent.