Neuropsychiatric findings of Möbius sequence -- a review

Abstract

Möbius sequence is a rare condition of heterogeneous, and in most cases, unclear; origin, usually defined as a unilateral or bilateral congenital facial weakness with impairment of ocular abduction, which is frequently associated with limb anomalies. Disturbances in psychomotor and speech development are very common, and mental retardation is estimated to occur in 10-15% of cases. The incidence of autistic spectrum disorders might be increased in patients with Möbius sequence. After a brief overview on aetiology and physical appearance, current knowledge of cognitive capacities and academic achievement; psychomotor development; development of speech, language and communication; behaviour problems; psychiatric comorbidity and possible therapeutic interventions are reviewed.