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Controlled Clinical Trial
. 2006 Aug 8;67(3):407-12.
doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000227919.81208.b2.

In utero antiepileptic drug exposure: fetal death and malformations

K J Meador  1 , G A Baker, R H Finnell, L A Kalayjian, J D Liporace, D W Loring, G Mawer, P B Pennell, J C Smith, M C Wolff; NEAD Study Group
Affiliations
Controlled Clinical Trial

In utero antiepileptic drug exposure: fetal death and malformations

K J Meador et al. Neurology. .

Abstract

Background: Pregnancy outcomes following in utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are uncertain, limiting an evidenced-based approach.

Objective: To determine if fetal outcomes vary as a function of different in utero AED exposures.

Methods: This ongoing prospective observational study across 25 epilepsy centers in the USA and UK enrolled pregnant women with epilepsy from October 1999 to February 2004 to determine if differential long-term cognitive and behavioral neurodevelopmental effects exist across the four most commonly used AEDs. This initial report focuses on the incidence of serious adverse outcomes including major congenital malformations (which could be attributable to AEDs) or fetal death. A total of 333 mother/child pairs were analyzed for monotherapy exposures: carbamazepine (n = 110), lamotrigine (n = 98), phenytoin (n = 56), and valproate (n = 69).

Results: Response frequencies of pregnancies resulting in serious adverse outcomes for each AED were as follows: carbamazepine 8.2%, lamotrigine 1.0%, phenytoin 10.7%, and valproate 20.3%. Distribution of serious adverse outcomes differed significantly across AEDs and was not explained by factors other than in utero AED exposure. Valproate exhibited a dose-dependent effect.

Conclusions: More adverse outcomes were observed in pregnancies with in utero valproate exposure vs the other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). These results combined with several recent studies provide strong evidence that valproate poses the highest risk to the fetus. For women who fail other AEDs and require valproate, the dose should be limited if possible.

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Figures

Figure
Figure
Antiepileptic drug (AED) dose and serious adverse outcomes. First trimester AED dosages (mg/day) by absence (no) or presence (yes) of serious adverse outcomes (i.e., fetal death or major malformations). Boxes = 25th through 75th percentiles; horizontal lines = medians; crosses = means; brackets = ranges.
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Comment in

References

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