The NS1 gene contributes to the virulence of H5N1 avian influenza viruses

Abstract

In the present study, we explored the genetic basis underlying the virulence and host range of two H5N1 influenza viruses in chickens. A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 (GS/GD/1/96) is a highly pathogenic virus for chickens, whereas A/goose/Guangdong/2/96 (GS/GD/2/96) is unable to replicate in chickens. These two H5N1 viruses differ in sequence by only five amino acids mapping to the PA, NP, M1, and NS1 genes. We used reverse genetics to create four single-gene recombinants that contained one of the sequence-differing genes from nonpathogenic GS/GD/2/96 and the remaining seven gene segments from highly pathogenic GS/GD/1/96. We determined that the NS1 gene of GS/GD/2/96 inhibited the replication of GS/GD/1/96 in chickens, while the substitution of the PA, NP, or M gene did not change the highly pathogenic properties of GS/GD/1/96. Conversely, of the recombinant viruses generated in the GS/GD/2/96 background, only the virus containing the NS1 gene of GS/GD/1/96 was able to replicate and cause disease and death in chickens. The single-amino-acid difference in the sequence of these two NS1 genes resides at position 149. We demonstrate that a recombinant virus expressing the GS/GD/1/96 NS1 protein with Ala149 is able to antagonize the induction of interferon protein levels in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs), but a recombinant virus carrying a Val149 substitution is not capable of the same effect. These results indicate that the NS1 gene is critical for the pathogenicity of avian influenza virus in chickens and that the amino acid residue Ala149 correlates with the ability of these viruses to antagonize interferon induction in CEFs.

FIG.1.

Induction of IFN-α/β in CEFs or GEFs infected with different influenza viruses. (A) CEFs or GEFs were infected with the tested influenza viruses, and the UV-treated supernatants were used to examine IFN-mediated inhibition of VSV-GFP replication in CEF and GEF cells, as described in Materials and Methods; the cells were visualized by fluorescence microscopy at 12 and 24 h p.i., respectively. (B) The supernatants of the VSV-GFP-infected cells were harvested at 12 and 24 h p.i. for determination of virus titers in CEFs. The short bars on the top indicate the standard deviation. (I) Supernatant harvested from influenza virus-infected CEFs; (II) supernatant harvested from influenza virus-infected GEFs. (C) RT-PCR analysis of IFN-α/β- and chicken β-actin-specific mRNAs in influenza virus-infected CEFs.

FIG.1.

Induction of IFN-α/β in CEFs or GEFs infected with different influenza viruses. (A) CEFs or GEFs were infected with the tested influenza viruses, and the UV-treated supernatants were used to examine IFN-mediated inhibition of VSV-GFP replication in CEF and GEF cells, as described in Materials and Methods; the cells were visualized by fluorescence microscopy at 12 and 24 h p.i., respectively. (B) The supernatants of the VSV-GFP-infected cells were harvested at 12 and 24 h p.i. for determination of virus titers in CEFs. The short bars on the top indicate the standard deviation. (I) Supernatant harvested from influenza virus-infected CEFs; (II) supernatant harvested from influenza virus-infected GEFs. (C) RT-PCR analysis of IFN-α/β- and chicken β-actin-specific mRNAs in influenza virus-infected CEFs.

FIG. 2.

Levels of virus proteins determined by Western blotting. Lysates of mock-infected cells or cells infected with R-GS/GD/1/96, R-GS/GD/2-1NS, R-GS/GD/2/96, or R-GS/GD/1-2NS were incubated with mouse anti-truncated NS1 antiserum (I) or chicken antiserum that was generated by inoculating SPF chickens with inactivated GS/GD/1/96 virus (II). Binding was visualized with DAB (3,3′-diaminobenzidine) reagent after incubation with peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies. Locations of marker proteins are indicated on the left, and the NS1 and M1 proteins are indicated on the right.