Influence of disk separation distance on accuracy of the disk approximation test for detection of inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus spp

Abstract

We undertook this study to assess the accuracy of the clindamycin-erythromycin disk approximation test (D-test) for detection of inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus spp. One hundred sixty-three Staphylococcus aureus and 68 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) spp. which were erythromycin nonsusceptible but clindamycin susceptible were tested using the D-test performed at both 15-mm and 22-mm disk separations and compared with genotyping as the "gold standard." The rate of inducible clindamycin resistance was 96.3% for S. aureus and 33.8% for CoNS spp. The sensitivities of the D-tests performed at 15 mm and 22 mm were 100% and 87.7%, respectively, and specificities were 100% for both. The use of 22-mm disk separation for the D-test to detect inducible clindamycin resistance results in an unacceptably high very major error rate (12.3%). All isolates with false-negative results harbored the ermA gene, and the majority were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. False-negative results were associated with smaller clindamycin zone sizes and double-edged zones. We recommend using a disk separation distance of </=15 mm. There is wide geographic variation in the rates of inducible clindamycin resistance, and each laboratory should determine the local rate before deciding whether to either perform the D-test routinely or else report that all erythromycin-resistant S. aureus isolates are also clindamycin resistant.

FIG. 1.

A. False-negative D-tests were more likely at 22 mm when the clindamycin zone diameter was smaller and showed a double zone of inhibition. B. The same isolate tested at 15 mm. C. D-test-negative isolate tested at 15 mm. E, erythromycin disk; CM, clindamycin disk.