Oral fluid as an alternative matrix to monitor opiate and cocaine use in substance-abuse treatment patients

Abstract

Interest in oral fluid as an alternative matrix for monitoring drug use is due to its ease-of-collection and non-invasiveness; however, limited data are available on the disposition of drugs into oral fluid. The objective of this research was to provide data on the presence and concentrations of heroin, cocaine and multiple metabolites in oral fluid after illicit opioid and cocaine use. Thrice weekly oral fluid specimens (N=403) from 16 pregnant opiate-dependent women were obtained with the Salivette oral fluid collection device. Evidence of heroin (N=62) and cocaine (N=130) use was detected in oral fluid by LC-APCI-MS/MS. 6-Acetylmorphine (6-AM), heroin and morphine were the major opiates detected, with median concentrations of 5.2, 2.3, and 7.5 microg/L, respectively. Cocaine and benzoylecgonine (BE) had median concentrations of 6.4 and 3.4 microg/L. Application of the Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) recommended cutoffs for morphine and codeine (40 microg/L), 6-AM (4 microg/L) and cocaine and BE (8 microg/L), yielded 28 opiate- and 50 cocaine-positive specimens. Oral fluid is a promising alternative matrix to monitor opiate and cocaine use in drug testing programs. These data guide interpretation of oral fluid test results and evaluate currently proposed SAMHSA oral fluid testing cutoffs.

Fig. 1

Concentration patterns of opiate analytes in oral fluid collected over time from heroin-dependent pregnant women enrolled in methadone maintenance treatment.

Fig. 2

Concentration patterns of cocaine analytes in oral fluid collected over time from heroin-dependent pregnant women enrolled in methadone maintenance treatment.