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Review
. 2006 Dec;188(24):8327-34.
doi: 10.1128/JB.01079-06. Epub 2006 Oct 6.

Cyclic di-GMP signaling in bacteria: recent advances and new puzzles

Robert P Ryan  1 , Yvonne Fouhy, Jean F Lucey, J Maxwell Dow
Affiliations
Review

Cyclic di-GMP signaling in bacteria: recent advances and new puzzles

Robert P Ryan et al. J Bacteriol. 2006 Dec.
No abstract available

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Figures

FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
Chemical structure of the intracellular second messenger bis-(3′-5′)-cyclic di-GMP (cyclic di-GMP).
FIG. 2.
FIG. 2.
Domain analysis of the cyclic di-GMP signaling proteins of Xylella fastidiosa illustrates the complexities of the system. The proteins contain a variety of input domains including response receiver (REC), PAS, transmembrane domains possibly involved in carbohydrate binding (7TMR-DISMED2 and 7TMR-DISM-7TM), other transmembrane helices (TM), and an uncharacterized periplasmic domain in Xf0470. There is considerable sequence variation both in the EAL motif of the various EAL domains and in the GGDEF motif of the various GGDEF domains.
FIG. 3.
FIG. 3.
Cyclic di-GMP signaling systems for which environmental cues are known or suspected. The RpfC/RpfG system of Xanthomonas campestris is implicated in the sensing of the cell-cell signal DSF (18, 50, 56). NspS and MbaA of Vibrio cholerae are implicated in the sensing of norspermidine; the role of a third protein (VC0702) encoded by the nspS-mbaA-VC0702 operon is currently unclear (9, 33). PdeA of Gluconacetobacter xylinus binds molecular oxygen to influence its activity (12). The influence of tobramycin on biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa requires Arr (27), although it is not known if the antibiotic binds to Arr.
FIG. 4.
FIG. 4.
Cellulose synthesis in Salmonella is regulated by a hierarchical arrangement of cyclic di-GMP signaling systems. Two GGDEF-EAL domain proteins (STM3388 and STM2123) additively contribute to the expression of the transcriptional regulator CsgD. This protein regulates the transcription of adrA, which encodes a GGDEF domain protein that is directly implicated in the regulation of cellulose synthesis but not in the expression of csgD (32). These different systems can operate independently, perhaps by influencing discrete pools of cyclic di-GMP. The activities of the AdrA, STM3388, and STM2123 may also be influenced by environmental cues.
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References

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