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. 2006 Oct 18;2006(4):CD004510.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004510.pub3.

Telephone follow-up, initiated by a hospital-based health professional, for postdischarge problems in patients discharged from hospital to home

P Mistiaen  1 , E Poot
Affiliations

Telephone follow-up, initiated by a hospital-based health professional, for postdischarge problems in patients discharged from hospital to home

P Mistiaen et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: It is known that many patients encounter a variety of problems in the first weeks after they have been discharged from hospital to home. In recent years many projects have addressed discharge planning, with the aim of reducing problems after discharge. Telephone follow-up (TFU) is seen as a good means of exchanging information, providing health education and advice, managing symptoms, recognising complications early, giving reassurance and providing quality aftercare service. Some research has shown that telephone follow-up is feasible, and that patients appreciate such calls. However, at present it is not clear whether TFU is also effective in reducing postdischarge problems.

Objectives: To assess the effects of follow-up telephone calls in the first month post discharge, initiated by hospital-based health professionals, to patients discharged from hospital to home.

Search strategy: We searched the following databases from their start date to July 2003, without limits as to date of publication or language: the Cochrane Consumers and Communication Review Group's Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library), PubMed, EMBASE (OVID), BiomedCentral, CINAHL, ERIC (OVID), INVERT (Dutch nursing literature index), LILACS, Picarta (Dutch library system), PsycINFO/PsycLIT (OVID), the Combined Social and Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E), SOCIOFILE. We searched for ongoing research in the following databases: National Research Register (http://www.update-software.com/nrr/); Controlled Clinical Trials (http://www.controlled-trials.com/); and Clinical Trials (http://clinicaltrials.gov/). We searched the reference lists of included studies and contacted researchers active in this area.

Selection criteria: Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials of TFU initiated by a hospital-based health professional, for patients discharged home from an acute hospital setting. The intervention was delivered within the first month after discharge; outcomes were measured within 3 months after discharge, and either the TFU was the only intervention, or its effect could be analysed separately.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed studies for inclusion and for methodological quality. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the criteria from the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Review Group. The data-extraction form was based on the template developed by the Cochrane Consumers and Communication Review Group. Data was extracted by one review author and checked by a second author. For as far it was considered that there was enough clinical homogeneity with regard to patient groups and measured outcomes, statistical pooling was planned using a random effects model and standardised mean differences for continuous scales and relative risks for dichotomous data, and tests for statistical heterogeneity were performed.

Main results: We included 33 studies involving 5110 patients. Predominantly, the studies were of low methodological quality. TFU has been applied in many patient groups. There is a large variety in the ways the TFU was performed (the health professionals who undertook the TFU, frequency, structure, duration, etc.). Many different outcomes have been measured, but only a few were measured across more than one study. Effects are not constant across studies, nor within patient groups. Due to methodological and clinical diversity, quantitative pooling could only be performed for a few outcomes. Of the eight meta-analyses in this review, five showed considerable statistical heterogeneity. Overall, there was inconclusive evidence about the effects of TFU.

Authors' conclusions: The low methodological quality of the included studies means that results must be considered with caution. No adverse effects were reported. Nevertheless, although some studies find that the intervention had favourable effects for some outcomes, overall the studies show clinically-equivalent results between TFU and control groups. In summary, we cannot conclude that TFU is an effective intervention.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

One of the review authors (PM) is also an co‐author of an included study (Boter 2000) in the review.

Figures

1
1
Figure 1: Inclusion Process
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Effect of TFU on anxiety in cardiac surgery patients at appr. 1 month after discharge compared to usual care, Outcome 1 Effect of TFU on anxiety in cardiac surgery patients at appr. 1 month after discharge compared to usual care.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Effect of TFU on compliance, Outcome 1 Effect of TFU on compliance in cardiac surgery patients compared to usual care.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Effect of TFU on compliance, Outcome 2 Effect of TFU on compliance (making an appointment) in ED patients compared to usual care.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Effect of TFU on compliance, Outcome 3 Effect of TFU on compliance (keeping an appointment) in ED patients compared to usual care.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Effect of TFU on knowledge in cardiac patients compared to control condition, Outcome 1 Effect of TFU on knowledge in cardiac patients at around 6 weeks post discharge compared to control condition.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Effect of TFU on readmissions, Outcome 1 Effect of TFU on readmissions in cardiac patients compared to usual care.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Effect of TFU on readmissions, Outcome 2 Effect of TFU on readmissions in surgery patients compared to control condition.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Effect of TFU on ED visits in surgery patients compared to control condition, Outcome 1 Effect of TFU on ED visits in surgery patients compared to control condition.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

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Doolittle 1997 {published data only}
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Eaton 2002 {published data only}
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Ezenkwele 2003 {published data only}
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Faithfull 2001 {published data only}
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Farrero 2001 {published data only}
    1. Farrero E, Escarrabill J, Prats E, Maderal M, Manresa F. Impact of a hospital‐based home‐care program on the management of COPD patients receiving long‐term oxygen therapy. Chest 2001;119 (2):364‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ferrigno 2001 {published data only}
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    1. Fleming MF, Mundt MP, French MT, Manwell LB, Stauffacher EA, Barry KL. Brief physician advice for problem drinkers: long‐term efficacy and benefit‐cost analysis. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 2002;26(1):36‐43. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Frank DA, Wirtz SJ, Sorenson JR, HR. Duration of breast‐feeding among low‐income women: a randomized trial of the effects of commercial hospital discharge packs and hospital‐based telephone counseling. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1986;140:311. [MEDLINE: ]
Frank 1987 {published data only}
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Frasure‐Smith 1992 {published data only}
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Friedman 1998b {published data only}
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    1. Fukuda H, Muto T, Kawamori R. Evaluation of a diabetes patient education program consisting of a three‐day hospitalization and a six‐month follow‐up by telephone counseling for mild type 2 diabetes and IGT. Environmental Health & Preventive Medicine 1999;4(3):122‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Gagnon AJ, Edgar L, Kramer MS, Papageorgiou A, Waghorn K, Klein MC. A randomized trial of a program of early postpartum discharge with nurse visitation. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997;176(1 Pt 1):205‐11. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Gagnon 1999 {published data only}
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Gagnon 2002 {published data only}
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Gallagher 2003 {published data only}
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Galt 2000 {published data only}
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Gamboa 2002a {published data only}
    1. Gamboa A, Gomez CE, Villar CE, Vega SJ, Lopez AR, Polo J. The special attention to re‐admitted patients can be effective. Cost‐benefit analysis of a new health care model. Revista Clinica Espanola 2002;202(6):320‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Gamboa 2002b {published data only}
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Gilliss 1993 {published data only}
    1. Gilliss CL, Gortner SR, Hauck WW, Shinn JA, Sparacino PA, Tompkins C. A randomized clinical trial of nursing care for recovery from cardiac surgery. Heart & Lung: Journal of Critical Care 1993;22(2):125‐33. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Glasgow 1995 {published data only}
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Glasgow 1996 {published data only}
    1. Glasgow RE, Toobert DJ, Hampson SE. Effects of a brief office‐based intervention to facilitate diabetes dietary self‐management. Diabetes Care 1996;19(8):835‐42. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Glasgow 1997 {published data only}
    1. Glasgow RE, Chance PA, Toobert DJ, Brown J, Hampson SE, Riddle MC. Long‐term effects and costs of brief behavioural dietary intervention for patients with diabetes delivered from the medical office. Patient Education & Counseling 1997;32(3):175‐84. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Glasgow 2000 {published data only}
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Glasgow 2001 {published data only}
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Glasgow 2002 {published data only}
    1. Glasgow RE, Toobert DJ, Hampson SE, Strycker LA. Implementation, generalization and long‐term results of the "choosing well" diabetes self‐management intervention. Patient Education & Counseling 2002;48(2):115‐22. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Gortner 1988 {published data only}
    1. Gortner SR, Gilliss CL, Shinn JA, Sparacino PA, Rankin S, Leavitt M, et al. Improving recovery following cardiac surgery: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing 1988;13(5):649‐61. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Grancelli 2003 {published data only}
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Greineder 1999 {published data only}
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Griffin 1989 {published data only}
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Grunfeld 1999 {published data only}
    1. Grunfeld E, Gray A, Mant D, Yudkin P, Adewuyi DR, Coyle D, et al. Follow up of breast cancer in primary care vs specialist care: results of an economic evaluation. British Journal of Cancer 1999;79(7‐8):1227‐33. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
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Harrison 1999 {published data only}
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Hartmann 1996 {published data only}
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Hasseler 2002 {published data only}
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Hayes 2001b {published data only}
    1. Hayes JT, Boucher JL, Pronk NP, Gehling E, Spencer M, Waslaski J. The role of the certified diabetes educator in telephone counseling. The Diabetes Educator 2001;27(3):377‐86. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Hernandez C, Casas A, Escarrabill J, Alonso J, Puig‐Junoy J, Farrero E, et al. Home hospitalisation of exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. European Respiratory Journal 2003;21(1):58‐67. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Higgins HC, Hayes RL, McKenna KT. Rehabilitation outcomes following percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Patient Education & Counseling 2001;43(3):219‐30. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Hoskins P, Alford J, Fowler P, Bolton T, Pech C, Hosking M, et al. Outpatient stabilization programme: an innovative approach in the management of diabetes. Diabetes Research 1985;2(2):85‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hoskins 2001 {published data only}
    1. Hoskins CN, Haber J, Budin WC, Cartwright‐Alcarese F, Kowalski MO, Panke J, Maislin G. Breast cancer: education, counseling, and adjustment: a pilot study. Psychological Reports 2001;89(3):677‐704. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Houzard 1998 {published data only}
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    1. Hui DS, Chan JK, Choy DK, Ko FW, Li TS, Leung RC, Lai CK. Effects of augmented continuous positive airway pressure education and support on compliance and outcome in a Chinese population. Chest 2000;117(5):1410‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Jahanshahi 1994 {published data only}
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James 1994 {published data only}
    1. James ND, Guerrero D, Brada M. Who should follow up cancer patients? Nurse specialist based outpatient care and the introduction of a phone clinic system. Clinical oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain)) 1994;6(5):283‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Jolly K, Lip G, Sandercock J, Greenfield S, Raftery J, Mant J, et al. Home‐based versus hospital‐based cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction or revascularisation: design and rationale of the Birmingham Rehabilitation Uptake Maximisation Study (BRUM): a randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN72884263]. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2003;3(1):10. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
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Kasper 2002 {published data only}
    1. Kasper EK, Gerstenblith G, Hefter G, Anden E, Brinker JA, Thiemann DR, et al. A randomized trial of the efficacy of multidisciplinary care in heart failure outpatients at high risk of hospital readmission. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2002;39(3):471‐80. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Kirkman 1994 {published data only}
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Kokubu 2000 {published data only}
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    1. Korner‐Bitensky N, Wood‐Dauphinee S, Siemiatycki J, Shapiro S, Becker R. Health‐related information postdischarge: telephone versus face‐to‐face interviewing. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1994;75(12):1287‐96. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Maunsell 1996 {published data only}
    1. Maunsell E, Brisson J, Deschenes L, Frasure‐Smith N. Randomized trial of a psychologic distress screening program after breast cancer: effects on quality of life. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1996;14(10):2747‐55. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
McCorkle 2000 {published data only}
    1. McCorkle R, Strumpf NE, Nuamah IF, Adler DC, Cooley ME, Jepson C, et al. A specialized home care intervention improves survival among older post‐surgical cancer patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2000;48(12):1707‐13. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
McDonald 2002 {published data only}
    1. McDonald K, Ledwidge M, Cahill J, Quigley P, Maurer B, Travers B, et al. Heart failure management: multidisciplinary care has intrinsic benefit above the optimization of medical care. Journal of Cardiac Failure 2002;8(3):142‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
McGrath 2002 {published data only}
    1. McGrath P. Allied health professional services for oncology outpatients: an Australian comparative study. Journal of Allied Health 2002;31(1):29‐34. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
McIntosh 1994 {published data only}
    1. McIntosh J, Worley N. Beyond discharge: telephone follow‐up and aftercare. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 1994;32(10):21‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
McMurray 1998 {published data only}
    1. McMurray JJ, Stewart S. Nurse led, multidisciplinary intervention in chronic heart failure. Heart 1998;80(5):430‐1. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
McNamara 1995 {published data only}
    1. McNamara KJ. Patients leaving the ED without being seen by a physician: is same‐day follow‐up indicated?. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 1995;13(2):136‐41. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Meenan 1998 {published data only}
    1. Meenan RT, Stevens VJ, Hornbrook MC, Chance PA, Glasgow RE, Hollis JF, et al. Cost‐effectiveness of a hospital‐based smoking cessation intervention. Medical Care 1998;36:670‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Miller 1995 {published data only}
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Miller 1997a {published data only}
    1. Miller NH, Smith PM, DeBusk RF, Sobel DS, Taylor CB. Smoking cessation in hospitalized patients. Results of a randomized trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 1997;157(4):409‐15. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Miller 1997b {published data only}
    1. Miller NH. How to achieve smoking cessation among hospitilized patients. Consultant 1997;37(6):1653. [MEDLINE: ]
Miller 2002a {published data only}
    1. Miller L, Weissman M. Interpersonal psychotherapy delivered over the telephone to recurrent depressives. A pilot study. Depression and Anxiety 2002;16(3):114‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Miller 2002b {published data only}
    1. Miller L, Caton S, Lynch D. Telephone clinic improves quality of follow‐up care for chronic bowel disease. Nursing Times 2002;98(31):36‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Miranda 2002 {published data only}
    1. Miranda MB, Gorski LA, LeFevre JG, Levac KA, Niederstadt JA, Toy AL. An evidence‐based approach to improving care of patients with heart failure across the continuum. Journal of Nursing Care Quality 2002;17(1):1‐14. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Mishel 2002 {published data only}
    1. Mishel MH, Belyea M, Germino BB, Stewart JL, Bailey DE, Jr, Robertson C, Mohler J. Helping patients with localized prostate carcinoma manage uncertainty and treatment side effects: nurse‐delivered psychoeducational intervention over the telephone. Cancer 2002;94(6):1854‐66. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Mohlman 2003 {published data only}
    1. Mohlman J, Gorenstein EE, Kleber M, Jesus M, Gorman JM, Papp LA. Standard and enhanced cognitive‐behavior therapy for late‐life generalized anxiety disorder: two pilot investigations. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2003;11(1):24‐32. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Mohr 2000 {published data only}
    1. Mohr DC, Likosky W, Bertagnolli A, Goodkin DE, WJ, Dwyer P, Dick LP. Telephone‐administered cognitive‐behavioral therapy for the treatment of depressive symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2000;68(2):356‐61. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Moran 1998 {published data only}
    1. Moran SJ, Jarvis S, Ewings P, Parkin FA. It's good to talk, but is it effective? A comparative study of telephone support following day surgery... including commentary by Needham Y and Rendell J with author response. Clinical Effectiveness in Nursing 1998;2(4):175‐84. [MEDLINE: ]
Morrison 2001 {published data only}
    1. Morrison J, Bergauer NK, Jacques D, Coleman SK, Stanziano GJ. Telemedicine: cost‐effective management of high‐risk pregnancy. Managed Care 2001;10(11):42‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Napolitano 2002 {published data only}
    1. Napolitano MA, Babyak MA, Palmer S, Tapson V, Davis RD, Blumenthal JA. Effects of a telephone‐based psychosocial intervention for patients awaiting lung transplantation. Chest 2002;122(4):1176‐84. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Naylor 1999 {published data only}
    1. Naylor MD, McCauley KM. The effects of a discharge planning and home follow‐up intervention on elders hospitalized with common medical and surgical cardiac conditions. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 1999;14(1):44‐54. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Nelson 2001 {published data only}
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Newman 2002 {published data only}
    1. Newman M. A specialist nurse intervention reduced hospital readmissions in patients with chronic heart failure. Evidence Based Nursing 2002;5(2):55. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Nicklin 1986 {published data only}
    1. Nicklin WM. Postdischarge concerns of cardiac patients as presented via a telephone callback system. Heart & Lung: Journal of Critical Care 1986;15(3):268‐72. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Nijdam 1999 {published data only}
    1. Nijdam W, Pool A, Koorenaar C. Het telefonisch verpleegkundig follow‐up spreekuur bij patiënten met hersenmetastasen die zijn behandeld met radiotherapie. Verpleegkunde 1999;14(4):271‐2. [MEDLINE: ]
Northouse 2002 {published data only}
    1. Northouse LL, Walker J, Schafenacker A, Mood D, Mellon S, Galvin E, et al. A family‐based program of care for women with recurrent breast cancer and their family members. Oncology Nursing Forum 2002;29(10):1411‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
O'Neill 2001 {published data only}
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Oddone 1999 {published data only}
    1. Oddone EZ, Weinberger M, Giobbie‐Hurder A, Landsman P, Henderson W. Enhanced access to primary care for patients with congestive heart failure. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Primary Care and Hospital Readmission. Effective Clinical Practice 1999;2(5):201‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Oh 2003 {published data only}
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Pal 1998 {published data only}
    1. Pal B. Following up outpatients by telephone: pilot study. BMJ 1998;316(7145):1647. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
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Palmer 2001 {published data only}
    1. Palmer HC, Armistead NS, Elnicki DM, Halperin AK, Ogershok PR, Manivannan S, et al. The effect of a hospitalist service with nurse discharge planner on patient care in an academic teaching hospital. American Journal of Medicine 2001;111(8):627‐32. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Palmer 2002 {published data only}
    1. Palmer RL, Birchall H, McGrain L, Sullivan V. Self‐help for bulimic disorders: a randomised controlled trial comparing minimal guidance with face‐to‐face or telephone guidance. British Journal of Psychiatry 2002;181:230‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Peterson 2002 {published data only}
    1. Peterson GM. Practical utility of case‐management telephone intervention in heart failure?. Archives of Internal Medicine 2002;162(18):2142‐3. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Pidd 2000 {published data only}
    1. Pidd H, McGrory KJ, Payne SR. Telephone follow‐up after urological surgery. Professional Nurse 2000;15(7):449‐51. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Poncia 2000 {published data only}
    1. Poncia HDM, Ryan J, Carver M. Next day telephone follow up of the elderly: a needs assessment and critical incident monitoring tool for the accident and emergency department. Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine 2000;17(5):337‐40. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Powell 2001 {published data only}
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Powers 1983 {published data only}
    1. Powers DA, Hamilton CW, Roberts KB. Pharmacist intervention in methadone administration to cancer patients with chronic pain. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 1983;40:1520‐3. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Proctor 2000 {published data only}
    1. Proctor EK, Morrow‐Howell N, Li H, Dore P. Adequacy of home care and hospital readmission for elderly congestive heart failure patients. Health and Social Work 2000;25(2):87‐96. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Pugh 1999 {published data only}
    1. Pugh LC, Tringali RA, Boehmer J, Blaha C, Kruger NR, Capauna TA, et al. Partners in care: a model of collaboration. Holistic Nursing Practice 1999;13(2):61‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Racelis 1998 {published data only}
    1. Racelis MC, Lombardo K, Verdin J. Impact of telephone reinforcement of risk reduction education on patient compliance. Journal of Vascular Nursing 1998;16(1):16‐20. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Rakowski 1994 {published data only}
    1. Rakowski J. An emergency department telephone follow‐up service. Journal of Emergency Nursing 1994;20(3):199‐203. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Rauh 1999 {published data only}
    1. Rauh RA, Schwabauer NJ, Enger EL, Moran JF. A community hospital‐based congestive heart failure program: impact on length of stay, admission and readmission rates, and cost. American Journal of Managed Care 1999;5(1):37‐43. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Rawl 1998 {published data only}
    1. Rawl SM, Easton KL, Kwiatkowski S, Zemen D, Burczyk B. Effectiveness of a nurse‐managed follow‐up program for rehabilitation patients after discharge. Rehabilitation Nursing 1998;23(4):204‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Rawl 2002 {published data only}
    1. Rawl SM, Given BA, Given CW, Champion VL, Kozachik SL, Kozachik SL, et al. Intervention to improve psychological functioning for newly diagnosed patients with cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum 2002;29(6):967‐75. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Rene 1992 {published data only}
    1. Rene J, Weinberger M, Mazzuca SA, Brandt KD, Katz BP. Reduction of joint pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis who have received monthly telephone calls from lay personnel and whose medical treatment regimens have remained stable. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1992;35(5):511‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Rich 1995 {published data only}
    1. Rich MW, Beckham V, Wittenberg C, Leven CL, Freedland KE, Carney RM. A multidisciplinary intervention to prevent the readmission of elderly patients with congestive heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine 1995;333(18):1190‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Riegel 1996 {published data only}
    1. Riegel B, Gates DM, Gocka I, Medina L, Odell C, Rich M, Finken JS. Effectiveness of a program of early hospital discharge of cardiac surgery patients [corrected] [published erratum appears in J CARDIOVASC NURS 1997 Apr; 11(3): viii]. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 1996;11(1):63‐75. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Riegel 2000 {published data only}
    1. Riegel B, Carlson B, Glaser D, Hoagland P. Which patients with heart failure respond best to multidisciplinary disease management?. Journal of Cardiac Failure 2000;6(4):290‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Rieger 1995 {published data only}
    1. Rieger ID, Henderson‐Smart DJ. A neonatal early discharge and home support programme: shifting care into the community. Journal of paediatrics and child health 1995;31(1):33‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Rigotti 1997 {published data only}
    1. Rigotti NA, Arnsten JH, McKool KM, Wood‐Reid KM, Pasternak RC, Singer DE. Efficacy of a smoking cessation program for hospital patients. Archives of Internal Medicine 1997;157(22):2653‐60. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Riley 1989 {published data only}
    1. Riley J. Telephone call‐backs: final patient care evaluation. Nursing Management 1989;20(9):64‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Roberts 1995 {published data only}
    1. Roberts J, Browne GB, Streiner D, Gafni A, Pallister R, Hoxby H, et al. Problem‐solving counselling or phone‐call support for outpatients with chronic illness: effective for whom?. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research 1995;27(3):111‐37. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Roglieri 1997 {published data only}
    1. Roglieri JL, Futterman R, McDonough KL, Malya G, Karwath KR, Bowman D, et al. Disease management interventions to improve outcomes in congestive heart failure. American Journal of Managed Care 1997;3(12):1831‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Romano 2001 {published data only}
    1. Romano MJ, Hernandez J, Gaylor A, Howard S, Knox R. Improvement in asthma symptoms and quality of life in pediatric patients through specialty care delivered via telemedicine. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2001;7(4):281‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Rosbe 2000 {published data only}
    1. Rosbe KW, Jones D, Jalisi S, Bray MA. Efficacy of postoperative follow‐up telephone calls for patients who underwent adenotonsillectomy. Archives of Otolaryngology ‐‐ Head & Neck Surgery 2000;126(6):718‐21. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Rosswurm 1998 {published data only}
    1. Rosswurm MA, Lanham DM. Discharge planning for elderly patients. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 1998;24(5):14‐21. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ruchlin 2001 {published data only}
    1. Ruchlin HS, Elkin EB, Allegrante JP. The economic impact of a multifactorial intervention to improve postoperative rehabilitation of hip fracture patients. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2001;45(5):446‐52. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sanders 1997 {published data only}
    1. Sanders D, Bass C, Mayou RA, Goodwin S, Bryant BM, Tyndel S. Non‐cardiac chest pain: why was a brief intervention apparently ineffective?. Psychological Medicine 1997;27(5):1033‐40. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sandgren 2000 {published data only}
    1. Sandgren AK, McCaul KD, King B, O'Donnell S, Foreman G. Telephone therapy for patients with breast cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum 2000;27(4):683‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sandgren 2003 {published data only}
    1. Sandgren AK, McCaul KD. Short‐term effects of telephone therapy for breast cancer patients. Health Psychology 2003;22(3):310‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sardell 2000 {published data only}
    1. Sardell S, Sharpe G, Ashley S, Guerrero D, Brada M. Evaluation of a nurse‐led telephone clinic in the follow‐up of patients with malignant glioma. Clinical oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain)) 2000;12(1):36‐41. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schatz 2003 {published data only}
    1. Schatz M, Rodriguez E, Falkoff R, Zeiger RS. The relationship of frequency of follow‐up visits to asthma outcomes in patients with moderate persistent asthma. Journal of Asthma 2003;40(1):49‐53. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schectman 1994 {published data only}
    1. Schectman G, Hiatt J, Hartz A. Telephone contacts do not improve adherence to niacin or bile acid sequestrant therapy. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 1994;28(1):29‐35. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schultz 1993 {published data only}
    1. Schultz SJ. Educational and behavioral strategies related to knowledge of and participation in an exercise program after cardiac positron emission tomography. Patient Education & Counseling 1993;22(1):47‐57. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sciamanna 2000 {published data only}
    1. Sciamanna CN, Stillman FA, Hoch JS, Butler JH, Gass KG, Ford DE. Opportunities for improving inpatient smoking cessation programs: a community hospital experience. Preventive Medicine 2000;30(6):496‐503. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shah 1998 {published data only}
    1. Shah NB, Der E, Ruggerio C, Heidenreich PA, Massie BM. Prevention of hospitalizations for heart failure with an interactive home monitoring program. American Heart Journal 1998;135(3):373‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shapiro 1995 {published data only}
    1. Shapiro C. Shortened hospital stay for low‐birth‐weight infants: nuts and bolts of a nursing intervention project. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing 1995;24(1):56‐62. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shon 2002 {published data only}
    1. Shon KH, Park SS. Medication and symptom management education program for the rehabilitation of psychiatric patients in Korea: the effects of promoting schedule on self‐efficacy theory. Yonsei Medical Journal 2002;43(5):579‐89. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shu 1996 {published data only}
    1. Shu E, Mirmina Z, Nystrom K. A telephone reassurance program for elderly home care clients after discharge. Home Healthcare Nurse 1996;14(3):154‐61. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Siegel 1992 {published data only}
    1. Siegel K, Mesagno FP, Karus DG, Christ G. Reducing the prevalence of unmet needs for concrete services of patients with cancer: evaluation of a computerized telephone outreach system. Cancer 1992;69(7):1873‐83. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Simon 1997 {published data only}
    1. Simon JA, Solkowitz SN, Carmody TP, Browner WS. Smoking cessation after surgery: a randomized trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 1997;157(12):1371‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Simon JA, Carmody TP, Hudes ES, Snyder E, Murray J. Intensive smoking cessation counseling versus minimal counseling among hospitalized smokers treated with transdermal nicotine replacement: a randomized trial. American Journal of Medicine 2003;114(7):555‐62. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sluijk 1998 {published data only}
    1. Sluijk C, Elzinga A. Afdelingsverpleegkundigen garanderen continuiteit van zorg: een telefonisch verpleegkundig spreekuur. TVZ 1998;108(8):252‐4. [MEDLINE: ]
Smeenk 1998a {published data only}
    1. Smeenk FW, Haastregt JC, Gubbels EM, Witte LP, Crebolder HF. Care process and satisfaction analysis of a transmural home care program. International Journal of Nursing Studies 1998;35(3):146‐54. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Smeenk 1998b {published data only}
    1. Smeenk FW, Ament AJ, Haastregt J, Witte LP, Crebolder H. Cost analysis of transmural home care for terminal cancer patients. Patient Education & Counseling 1998;35(3):201‐11. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Smith 1988 {published data only}
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    1. Smith PM, Reilly KR, Miller NH, DeBusk RF, Taylor CB. Application of a nurse‐managed inpatient smoking cessation program. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2002;4(2):211‐22. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sneed 1997 {published data only}
    1. Sneed NV, Finch NJ, Michel Y. The effect of psychosocial nursing intervention on the mood state of patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators and their caregivers. Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing 1997;12(2):4‐14. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Soskolne 1993 {published data only}
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Sparacino 1997 {published data only}
    1. Sparacino PA. A nurse, algorithms, and the telephone: key resources for patients after hospital discharge. Clinical Nurse Specialist 1997;11(2):51. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Stanislaw 1994 {published data only}
    1. Stanislaw AE, Wewers ME. A smoking cessation intervention with hospitalized surgical cancer patients: a pilot study. Cancer Nursing 1994;17(2):81‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Steel 2003 {published data only}
    1. Steel O'Connor KO, Mowat DL, Scott HM, Carr PA, Dorland JL, Young Tai KF. A randomized trial of two public health nurse follow‐up programs after early obstetrical discharge: an examination of breastfeeding rates, maternal confidence and utilization and costs of health services. Canadian Journal of Public Health Revue Canadienne de Sante Publique 2003;94(2):98‐103. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Stevens 1993 {published data only}
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Stevens 2000 {published data only}
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Stewart 1998 {published data only}
    1. Stewart S, Pearson S, Luke CG, Horowitz JD. Effects of home‐based intervention on unplanned readmissions and out‐of‐hospital deaths. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1998;46(2):174‐80. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Strecher 1983 {published data only}
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Strinko 2000 {published data only}
    1. Strinko JM, Howard CA, Schaeffer SL, Laughlin JA, Berry MA, Turner SN. Reducing risk with telephone follow‐up of patients who leave against medical advice or fail to complete an ED visit. Journal of Emergency Nursing 2000;26(3):223‐32. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Svahn 2002 {published data only}
    1. Svahn B‐M, Remberger M, Myrback K‐E, Holmberg K, Eriksson B, Hentschke P, et al. Home care during the pancytopenic phase after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is advantageous compared with hospital care. Blood 2002;100(13):4317‐24. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Taylor 1990 {published data only}
    1. Taylor CB, Houston‐Miller N, Killen JD, DeBusk RF. Smoking cessation after acute myocardial infarction: effects of a nurse‐managed intervention. Annals of Internal Medicine 1990;113(2):118‐23. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Taylor 1996 {published data only}
    1. Taylor CB, Miller NH, Herman S, Smith PM, Sobel D, Fisher L, DeBusk RF. A nurse‐managed smoking cessation program for hospitalized smokers. American Journal of Public Health 1996;86(11):1557‐60. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Taylor 1997 {published data only}
    1. Taylor CB, Miller NH, Smith PM, DeBusk RF. The effect of a home‐based, case‐managed, multifactorial risk‐reduction program on reducing psychological distress in patients with cardiovascular disease. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 1997;17(3):157‐62. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Taylor‐Davis 2000 {published data only}
    1. Taylor‐Davis S, Smiciklas‐Wright H, Warland R, Achterberg C, Jensen GL, Sayer A, Shannon B. Responses of older adults to theory‐based nutrition newsletters. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2000;100(6):656‐64. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Thewissen 2000 {published data only}
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Thompson 1999 {published data only}
    1. Thompson DM, Kozak SE, Sheps S. Insulin adjustment by a diabetes nurse educator improves glucose control in insulin‐requiring diabetic patients: a randomized trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1999;161(8):959‐62. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Tiippana 2003 {published data only}
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Tkachuk 2003 {published data only}
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Townsend 1996 {published data only}
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Turner 1996 {published data only}
    1. Turner D. Can telephone follow‐up improve post‐discharge outcomes?. British Journal of Nursing 1996;5(22):1361‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Tyc VL, Rai SN, Lensing S, Klosky JL, Stewart DB, Gattuso J. Intervention to reduce intentions to use tobacco among pediatric cancer survivors. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2003;21(7):1366‐72. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Valanis 2001 {published data only}
    1. Valanis B, Tanner C, Moscato S. Telephone nursing advice: the buck stops here... 34th Annual Communicating Nursing Research Conference/15th Annual WIN Assembly, "Health Care Challenges Beyond 2001: Mapping the Journey for Research and Practice," held April 19‐21, 2001 in Seattle, Washington. Communicating Nursing Research 2001;34(9):224. [MEDLINE: ]
Valanis 2002 {published data only}
    1. Valanis B, Tanner C, Moscato S, David M, Shapiro S, Izumi S. Telephone advice nursing: facilitating access to health care... 35th Annual Communicating Nursing Research Conference/16th Annual WIN Assembly, "Health Disparities: Meeting the Challenge," held April 18‐20, 2002, Palm Springs, California. Communicating Nursing Research 2002;35(10):339. [MEDLINE: ]
Valanis 2003 {published data only}
    1. Valanis B, Moscato S, Tanner C, Shapiro S, Izumi S, David M, Mayo A. Making it work: organization and processes of telephone nursing advice services. Journal of Nursing Administration 2003;33(4):216‐23. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Vale 2002 {published data only}
    1. Vale MJ, Jelinek MV, Best JD, Santamaria JD. Coaching patients with coronary heart disease to achieve the target cholesterol: a method to bridge the gap between evidence‐based medicine and the "real world"‐‐randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2002;55(3):245‐52. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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van Elderen 1994 {published data only}
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van Elderen 2001 {published data only}
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Vrehen 2000 {published data only}
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Wade 1998 {published data only}
    1. Wade DT, King NS, Wenden FJ, Crawford S, Caldwell FE. Routine follow up after head injury: a second randomised controlled trial. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1998;65(2):177‐83. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Walker 1999 {published data only}
    1. Walker BL, Nail LM, Croyle RT. Does emotional expression make a difference in reactions to breast cancer?. Oncology Nursing Forum 1999;26(6):1025‐32. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Warden 2000 {published data only}
    1. Warden DL, Salazar AM, Martin EM, Schwab KA, Coyle M, Walter J. A home program of rehabilitation for moderately severe traumatic brain injury patients. The DVHIP Study Group. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2000;15(5):1092‐102. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wasson 1992 {published data only}
    1. Wasson J, Gaudette C, Whaley F, Sauvigne A, Baribeau P, Welch HG. Telephone care as a substitute for routine clinic follow‐up. JAMA 1992;267(13):1788‐93. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Weinberger 1991 {published data only}
    1. Weinberger M, Tierney WM, Booher P, Katz BP. The impact of increased contact on psychosocial outcomes in patients with osteoarthritis: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Rheumatology 1991;18(6):849‐54. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Weinberger 1993 {published data only}
    1. Weinberger M, Tierney WM, Cowper PA, Katz BP, Booher PA. Cost‐effectiveness of increased telephone contact for patients with osteoarthritis: a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1993;36(2):243‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Weinberger 1998 {published data only}
    1. Weinberger M. Telephone‐based interventions in outpatient care. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1998;57(4):196‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Weinstein 1996 {published data only}
    1. Weinstein R, Tosolin F, Ghilardi L, Zanardelli E. Psychological intervention in patients with poor compliance. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1996;23:283‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Welch 2000 {published data only}
    1. Welch HG, Johnson DJ, Edson R. Telephone care as an adjunct to routine medical follow‐up. A negative randomized trial. Effective Clinical Practice 2000;3(3):123‐30. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wells 2003 {published data only}
    1. Wells N, Hepworth JT, Murphy BA, Wujcik D, Johnson R. Improving cancer pain management through patient and family education. Journal of Pain & Symptom Management 2003;25(4):344‐56. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wewers 1994 {published data only}
    1. Wewers ME, Bowen JM, Stanislaw AE, Desimone VB. A nurse‐delivered smoking cessation intervention among hospitalized postoperative patients‐‐influence of a smoking‐related diagnosis: a pilot study. Heart & Lung: Journal of Critical Care 1994;23(2):151‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wilbourne 1997 {published data only}
    1. Wilbourne J, Wilson A. Telefonische consulten van patiënten met de diabetesverpleegkundige: 'verborgen' afspraken?. EADE nieuwsbrief 1997;12(1):10‐3. [MEDLINE: ]
Wong 2001a {published data only}
    1. Wong FKY, Chow S, Wan V. Nurse telephone follow‐up for A&E patients: implications for health intervention using telephone intervention. Hong Kong Nursing Journal 2001;37(4):15. [MEDLINE: ]
Wong 2001b {published data only}
    1. Wong SPY, Kong B, Wong J. "Geriatric care at your doorway": post discharge home follow up and direct hotline service for community living elderly. Hong Kong Nursing Journal 2001;37(2):21‐6. [MEDLINE: ]
Wulsin 2002 {published data only}
    1. Wulsin L, Liu T, Storrow A, Evans S, Dewan N, Hamilton C. A randomized, controlled trial of panic disorder treatment initiation in an emergency department chest pain center. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2002;39(2):139‐43. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
York 1997 {published data only}
    1. York R, Brown LP, Samuels P, Finkler SA, Jacobsen B, Persely CA, et al. A randomized trial of early discharge and nurse specialist transitional follow‐up care of high‐risk childbearing women. Nursing Research 1997;46(5):254‐61. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Young 2000 {published data only}
    1. Young J, O'Connell B, McGregor S. Day surgery patients' convalescence at home: does enhanced discharge education make a difference?. Nursing and Health Sciences 2000;2(1):29‐39. [MEDLINE: ]
Zahlmann 2002 {published data only}
    1. Zahlmann G, Mertz M, Fabian E, Holle R, Kaatz H, Neubauer L, et al. Perioperative cataract OP management by means of teleconsultation. Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2002;240(1):17‐20. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Zeegers 1997 {published data only}
    1. Zeegers A, Mistiaen P. Effectivity measurement of a telephonic follow‐up after hospital admission: a study into decrease of problems in ophtalmology patients after discharge from the hospital [Abstract]. Tijdschrift voor Sociale Gezondheidszorg 1997:XXXII. [MEDLINE: ]
Zorc 2003 {published data only}
    1. Zorc JJ, Scarfone RJ, Li Y, Hong T, Harmelin M, Grunstein L, Andre JB. Scheduled follow‐up after a pediatric emergency department visit for asthma: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 2003;111(3):495‐502. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Wakefield {published data only}
    1. Wakefield B. Evaluating telehealth home care for elderly veterans with congestive heart failure. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00057200. [MEDLINE: ]

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