Mortality in schizophrenia

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to describe the current status of knowledge on excess mortality in schizophrenia and its causative factors, and to expand upon previous work evaluating approaches that may reduce mortality rates.

Methods: Literature available since 1995 was identified in a computerized search of the bibliographical databases Medline and Embase, using the topics 'mortality' and 'schizophrenia', and in a cross-reference search for articles that were particularly relevant.

Results: Schizophrenia is associated with mortality rates that are two to three times higher than those expected or observed in the general population. This excess of mortality is accounted for by a combination of an increased risk of suicide, in particular in young male patients soon after diagnosis, and more importantly, a higher number of natural deaths. In order to diminish the level of suicide among people with schizophrenia, the majority of research has focused on the identification of risk factors that predispose patients to attempt or commit suicide, while unhealthy styles, polypharmacy and inadequate healthcare have been shown to contribute to the high natural mortality. The link between the use of antipychotics and mortality has not been yet clarified.

Conclusion: Dramatically increased mortality of schizophrenia patients is well established. It is time to move beyond this topic, and work towards interventions that aim at reducing the mortality risk in such patients.