A mixed-methods approach to understanding loneliness and depression in older adults

Abstract

Objective: Depression in late life may be difficult to identify, and older adults often do not accept depression treatment offered. This article describes the methods by which we combined an investigator-defined definition of depression with a person-derived definition of depression in order to understand how older adults and their primary care providers overlapped and diverged in their ideas about depression.

Methods: We recruited a purposive sample of 102 persons aged 65 years and older with and without significant depressive symptoms on a standardized assessment scale (Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale) from primary care practices and interviewed them in their homes. We applied methods derived from anthropology and epidemiology (consensus analysis, semi-structured interviews, and standardized assessments) in order to understand the experience and expression of late-life depression.

Result: Loneliness was highly salient to older adults whom we asked to describe a depressed person or themselves when depressed. Older adults viewed loneliness as a precursor to depression, as self-imposed withdrawal, or as an expectation of aging. In structured interviews, loneliness in the week prior to interview was highly associated with depressive symptoms, anxiety, and hopelessness.

Discussion: An improved understanding of how older adults view loneliness in relation to depression, derived from multiple methods, may inform clinical practice.

Figure 1

Overarching conceptual framework, methods, and results. Solid figure to the right represents metainference across frameworks (see text for details). DSM–IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition).