[Patterns of delayed-enhancement in MRI of ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies]

Abstract

Contrast-enhanced MRI using the delayed-enhancement technique (DE-MRI) is widely applied in the clinical work-up of myocardial diseases. Myocardial diseases of varying etiology result in myocardial changes, such as necrosis, fibrosis, edema and metabolite deposition, which can be visualized by DE-MRI. Acute and chronic ischemic diseases based on a coronary artery disease as well as non-ischemic cardiomyopathies display DE. Cardiomyopathies often show a characteristic enhancement pattern. While ischemic lesions are localized in the subendocardium, non-ischemic cardiomyopathies often display an intramyocardial or subepicardial pattern. The typical pattern for dilated cardiomyopathies is band-like and intramyocardial with septal involvement. Arrhythmogenic right-ventricular dysplasias/cardiomyopathies are frequently associated with right-ventricular DE. In the case of amyloid cardiomyopathies which are often restrictive cardiomyopathies, subendocardial and circular DE is typically observed. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathies display patchy intramyocardial DE usually in the anteroseptal region. Acute myocarditis is typically accompanied by intramyocardial or subepicardial DE affecting the lateral wall. In the case of chronic myocarditis, intramyocardial or subepicardial DE is observed most frequently. Cardiac sarcoidosis typically entails patchy subepicardial DE with right- and left-ventricular involvement. Since there is an overlap between the enhancement patterns of cardiomyopathies, the diagnostic accuracy of DE-MRI is limited and the diagnosis must be based on additional clinical and MRI findings. The amount of DE often corresponds with cardiac functional parameters as well as with the frequency of cardiac events so that DE-MRI may be useful for risk stratification. Furthermore, DE-MRI can be helpful in the planning and evaluation of myocardial biopsies and electrophysiological examinations.