Ossification of ligamentum

Abstract

Object: The authors evaluated different surgical methods used to treat thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF).

Methods: Data obtained in 40 patients who underwent posterior decompression for thoracic myelopathy caused by thoracic OLF were studied retrospectively. There were 32 men and eight women. All patients underwent posterior decompression in which laminoplasty was performed or laminectomy combined with lateral fusion. Every surgical specimen was stained with H and E, and scanning electron microscopy was performed in 20 cases. The mean follow-up period was 28 months. Postoperative outcomes were evaluated using a recovery scale based on the Japanese Orthopaedic Association classification. There were a total of 168 ossified segments in this series, 77.4% of which were located in the lower thoracic spine. Marginal osteophyte formation was found in 36 patients; in 32 of the 36 patients, these marginal osteophytes were located at the intervertebral space either higher or lower than the ossified segment. Scanning electron microscopy showed elastic fiber breakdown, proliferation of collagenous fibers, calcification, and OLF in the same microscopy region. Laminoplasty was performed in four patients. In three cases surgery resulted in unchanged or worse outcome (increased kyphotic deformity in two), and in one it resulted in good outcome. Laminectomy combined with lateral fusion was performed in 36 patients, in 30 cases of which it resulted in a good or fair outcome, and increased kyphotic deformity in only one. Of these 36 laminectomy-treated patients, an en bloc laminectomy-treated procedure was performed in 16 patients; in 11 of the 12 patients with lateral or diffuse-type lesions the surgery resulted in a good or fair outcome. En bloc laminectomy, however, seems ineffective in the treatment of patients with thickened, nodular-type thoracic OLF, as the procedure resulted in worse outcome in two of the four patients. The authors have thus developed a new modality of laminectomy that they have termed "separating laminectomy," which they performed in 16 patients with thickened, nodular-type OLF; in 13 cases it resulted in a good or fair outcome, and in only one case did it result in a worse outcome.

Conclusions: The pathogenesis of thoracic OLF is mainly due to the localized mechanical stress on the ligament. Laminectomy combined with lateral fusion is the treatment of choice for thoracic OLF; furthermore, in terms of the configuration of the ossified lesion, en bloc laminectomy is suitable for the treatment of lateral-type and diffuse-type OLF, and the separating laminectomy is suitable for the thickened, nodular-type OLF.