Factors that influence the cutaneous synthesis and dietary sources of vitamin D

Abstract

The major sources of vitamin D for most humans are casual exposure of the skin to solar ultraviolet B (UVB; 290-315 nm) radiation and from dietary intake. The cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D is a function of skin pigmentation and of the solar zenith angle which depends on latitude, season, and time of day. In order to mimic the natural environment of skin to sunlight exposure, we therefore measured serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in volunteers with different skin types following repeated UV irradiation. Because melanin pigment in human skin competes for and absorbs the UVB photons responsible for the photolysis of 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D3, we also studied the effect of skin pigmentation on previtamin D3 production in a human skin model by exposing type II and type V skin samples to noon sunlight in June when the solar zenith angle is most acute. Vitamin D is rare in food. Among the vitamin D-rich food, oily fish are considered to be one of the best sources. Therefore, we analyzed the vitamin D content in several commonly consumed oily and non-oily fish. The data showed that farmed salmon had a mean content of vitamin D that was approximately 25% of the mean content found in wild caught salmon from Alaska, and that vitamin D2 was found in farmed salmon, but not in wild caught salmon. The results provide useful global guidelines for obtaining sufficient vitamin D3 by cutaneous synthesis and from dietary intake to prevent vitamin D deficiency and its health consequences, ensuing illness, especially, bone fractures in the elderly.

Figure 1

The conversion of epidermal 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D₃ in Type II and Type V skin after exposing to noon sunlight in June at Boston (42 °N), Massachusetts. The data represent the means ± SEM of duplicate determinations.

Figure 2

The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in volunteers with different skin types after weekly exposure to simulated sunlight for 12 weeks. The data represent the means ± SEM of duplicate determinations.

Figure 3

High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (A) and LC-MS/MS (B) chromatograms of farmed salmon lipid extracts. Tissue extraction and chromatographic conditions were described in the Methods Section.