Review of Antenatal-Linked Voluntary Counseling and HIV Testing in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons and Options for Ghana

Abstract

SummaryVoluntary counselling and HIV testing has become an integral part of HIV prevention and care programs in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. A number of interventions offer potential to reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission. These interventions, including antenatal and or intrapartum administration of antiretroviral drugs require the integration of voluntary counselling and HIV testing for pregnant women into antenatal care. Ghana's strategic framework for HIV control calls for the integration of voluntary counselling and HIV testing to antenatal care nationwide. It sets as target, the year 2005 when VCT would be widely available and accessible in the country. This paper reviews medline-indexed publications on antenatal-linked VCT programs of sub-Saharan Africa. Four critical themes were used in the medline search. These are acceptability, rates of return for test, disclosure of results vis-à-vis confidentiality and cost effectiveness. The growing consensuses on these issues are discussed in relations to the findings of a recent study conducted among 270 pregnant women in Navrongo in the Kassena-Nankana district of northern Ghana. Suggestions are made to guide the on-going pilot VCT and prevention of mother-to-child programs in Ghana. It is also suggested on the basis of the review and the findings of the Navrongo study that Ghana should explore options likely to promote universal access and overall acceptability. These include couple counselling, guarantee of confidentiality, free testing and continuum of care for mothers who are test positive.

Figure 1

Reported reasons why respondents thought it was useful for a pregnant woman to know her HIV status (n=138)

Figure 2

Graph showing how the percentage of women who consider amount to be charged affordable declines with increase in the amount (n=270)