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. 2006 Dec;12(12):1961-4.
doi: 10.3201/eid1212.060506.

Nonpharmaceutical influenza mitigation strategies, US communities, 1918-1920 pandemic

Howard Markel  1 , Alexandra M Stern, J Alexander Navarro, Joseph R Michalsen, Arnold S Monto, Cleto DiGiovanni
Affiliations

Nonpharmaceutical influenza mitigation strategies, US communities, 1918-1920 pandemic

Howard Markel et al. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Dec.

Abstract

We studied nonpharmaceutical interventions used to mitigate the second, and most deadly, wave of the 1918-1920 influenza pandemic in the United States. We conclude that several small communities implemented potentially successful attempts at preventing the introduction of influenza.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Western State College, Gunnison, Colorado. Source: Denver Public Library, Western History Collection, call no. X-9302.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Naval Training Station, San Francisco, California. View looking south over the wharf area, from the eastern end of Yerba Buena ("Goat") Island, 1921. Long Wharf is in the foreground, lined with rowing boats on davits. Beyond is Navy Wharf, with the receiving ship Boston (1887–1946) at far left. The Lighthouse Wharf is beyond that. Collection of Eugene R. O'Brien. Photo #NH 100361. US Naval Historical Center photograph. From US Naval Historical Center (available from http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/i00000/i00361.jpg).
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