Haemostasis in laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: current status

Abstract

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) is increasingly performed all over the world. However, as in its open counterpart, achieving a satisfactory haemostasis may be challenging. Our goal is to describe the different methods employed to control bleeding during LPN. We performed a non-structured review of the literature on the different haemostatic methods used during LPN. The techniques and materials used are divided into two main groups: LPN with ischemia and LPN without ischemia. The techniques to achieve warm, cold and regional ischemia are described. Energy sources and sealants are discussed in the section on LPN without ischemia. Case selection is of capital importance in the choice the appropriate haemostatic tools for LPN. Some refinements, related to the nature of the laparoscopic procedure, are still required to reach an effective cold ischemia. A broad variety of energy sources have been tested in animal models and in human setting. Major disadvantages are tissue scarring, smoke creation and low progression speed. To date none has been demonstrated to be superior to the conventional suturing. Fibrin and thrombin promoters as bio-glues are an important adjuvant method during LPN. Bipolar current devices together with fibrin sealants or coagulation promoters are used in small peripheral tumors. In bigger or central tumors, additionally suturing over Surgicel bolsters, the most popular technique is to secure the suture by means of clips. The level of the recommendations is based on comparative cohorts. We conclude that haemostasis is achieved during LPN adapting the protocols used in open nephron sparing surgery to the laparoscopic approach. Renal ischemia and bolster sutures are still mandatory in complicated LPN while in case of small exophytic tumors a satisfactory haemostasis may be achieved by using only a sealant product.