[Prevention strategies to control the HIV epidemic. Successes, problems, and perspectives]

Abstract

After the recognition of AIDS as a new disease entity and isolation of HIV as the causative agent in the early 1980s, a controversial debate about adequate measures to reduce the spread of HIV developed. In all developed countries a strategy based on education about modes of HIV transmission, condom promotion and harm reduction approaches to intravenous drug use finally succeeded and became instrumental for the relative containment of HIV within most at risk populations. However, in most developing countries as well as in the countries of Eastern Europe, the success of HIV pre vention remained limited for various reasons. In addition, for several years now, in the western developed countries sexual risk behaviour, newly diagnosed HIV infections, and the incidence of various other sexually transmitted infections seem to re-increase, especially among men who have sex with men (MSM). These increases coincide with a dramatic improvement of therapeutic options for the treatment of HIV infection. The relationship between improvement of therapy and changes in sexual risk behaviour has to be further defined. It is hypothesized that HIV serosorting as a predominant risk management strategy among MSM results in an accumulation of health risks in the HIV-positive MSM population. In addition to and beyond established condom promotion, additional biomedical approaches to reduce transmissibility and susceptibility for HIV will be necessary to regain control of the spread of HIV in highly sexually active populations.