Systematic error arising from 'Sequential' Standard Addition Calibrations: quantification and correction

Abstract

Calibrations involving the sequential addition of aliquots of a standard solution to a solution of unknown analyte content may exhibit a systematic error. We show that this systematic error is related to the ratio of the mass fractions in the standard and unknown solutions. This relationship is consistent with experimental results from the determination of lead in aqueous solution by anodic stripping voltammetry using 'Sequential' Standard Addition Calibration (S-SAC). The magnitude of this systematic error has been described mathematically and a correction calculated. These mathematical relationships form the basis for a proposal for best practice in the use of S-SAC.