Declines in aerobic fitness: are they only due to increasing fatness?

Abstract

Aims: This study quantifies the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between young people's fatness (BMI, skinfold thickness) and fitness (performance on tests of aerobic fitness).

Background: Over the last 20-30 years, young people have become fatter and less fit. It is likely that the decline in fitness is largely due to increases in fatness. There are strong mechanistic connections; within cohorts, variability in fatness accounts for about 20% of variability in running performance; there is a strong correlation between overweight prevalence and relative fitness across specific cohorts from different countries; and secular declines in fitness coincide temporally with increases in BMI.

Methods: Australians aged 10-12 years tested in 1985 were matched for age, sex, BMI and triceps skinfold thickness with their counterparts tested in 1997 (n = 279 matched pairs), and 12-15 year-old tested in 1995-1996 were matched with their counterparts tested in 1999-2000 (n = 2,834 matched pairs). Performance differences on running tests in the matched datasets were compared with performance differences in the complete (unmatched) datasets.

Results: Performance differences persisted even when young people were matched for fatness. Matching for fatness reduced overall performance differentials by 29-61%. Other factors such as reduced physical activity and subsequent training effect are likely to have contributed to the decline.