The morphological spectrum of lymphadenopathy in HIV infected patients

Abstract

Aims: To study the histological spectrum of lymphadenopathy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected Thai patients.

Methods: Lymph nodes from 55 HIV infected patients were accessioned over a 19 month period in two pathology laboratories in Bangkok, Thailand. These were examined with H&E, Ziehl-Neelsen, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), PAS with diastase (PAS/D), Gram and methenamine stains.

Results: Six reaction patterns were observed: (1) classic necrotising granulomas (30 cases); (2) extensive necrosis with minimal granulomatous response (5 cases); (3) sarcoid-like non-necrotising granulomas (5 cases); (4) foamy macrophage or pseudo-Gaucher cell response (5 cases); (5) inflammatory pseudotumour-like proliferation (3 cases); and (6) non-specific lymphoid hyperplasia (7 cases). Myriads of intracellular, long, slender acid-fast bacilli were found in those cases with the pseudo-Gaucher cell and inflammatory pseudotumour-like response, while variable numbers of bacilli were identified in those cases with non-necrotising sarcoid-like granulomas. Few scattered acid-fast bacilli were found in five cases with necrotising granulomas. In one case, yeast-like organisms in keeping with Cryptococcus were identified. No organisms were identified in the cases showing lymphoid hyperplasia, extensive necrosis and minimal granulomatous response, and in the remaining cases of classic necrotising granulomas.

Conclusions: The wide spectrum of histological changes in HIV-associated lymphadenomegaly requires recognition, particularly as the majority were associated with acid-fast organisms, mostly in keeping with the morphological features of Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare complex that was distinctively stained by Grocott methenamine-silver, Gram and PAS stains. The histological changes mimic those of infarction and other infective lymphadenitis, sarcoidosis, Whipple's disease, inflammatory pseudotumour and spindle cell neoplasms.