The in vitro development of autologous fibrin-based tissue-engineered heart valves through optimised dynamic conditioning

Abstract

Our group has previously demonstrated the synthesis of a completely autologous fibrin-based heart valve structure using the principles of tissue engineering. The present approach aims to guide more mature tissue development in fibrin-based valves based on in vitro conditioning in a custom-designed bioreactor system. Moulded fibrin-based tissue-engineered heart valves seeded with ovine carotid artery-derived cells were subjected to 12 days of mechanical conditioning in a bioreactor system. The bioreactor pulse rate was increased from 5 to 10 b.p.m. after 6 days, while a pressure difference of 20 mmH(2)O was maintained over the valve leaflets. Control valves were cultured under stirred conditions in a beaker. Cell phenotype and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition were analysed in all samples and compared to native ovine aortic valve tissue using routine histological and immunohistochemical techniques. Conditioned valve leaflets showed reduced tissue shrinkage compared to stirred controls. Limited ECM synthesis was evident in stirred controls, while the majority of cells were detached from the fibrin scaffold. Dynamic conditioning increased cell attachment/alignment and expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin, while enhancing the deposition of ECM proteins, including types I and III collagen, fibronectin, laminin and chondroitin sulphate. There was no evidence for elastin synthesis in either stirred controls or conditioned samples. The present study demonstrates that the application of low-pressure conditions and increasing pulsatile flow not only enhances seeded cell attachment and alignment within fibrin-based heart valves, but dramatically changes the manner in which these cells generate ECM proteins and remodel the valve matrix. Optimised dynamic conditioning, therefore, might accelerate the maturation of surgically feasible and implantable autologous fibrin-based tissue-engineered heart valves.