Mating success of resident versus non-resident males in a territorial butterfly

Abstract

Male-male competition over territorial ownership suggests that winning is associated with considerable benefits. In the speckled wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria, males fight over sunspot territories on the forest floor; winners gain sole residency of a sunspot, whereas losers patrol the forest in search of females. It is currently not known whether residents experience greater mating success than non-residents, or whether mating success is contingent on environmental conditions. Here we performed an experiment in which virgin females of P. aegeria were allowed to choose between a resident and a non-resident male in a large enclosure containing one territorial sunspot. Resident males achieved approximately twice as many matings as non-residents, primarily because matings were most often preceded by a female being discovered when flying through a sunspot. There was no evidence that territorial residents were more attractive per se, with females seen to reject them as often as non-residents. Furthermore, in the cases where females were discovered outside of the sunspot, they were just as likely to mate with non-residents as residents. We hypothesize that the proximate advantage of territory ownership is that light conditions in a large sunspot greatly increase the male's ability to detect and intercept passing receptive females.

Figure 1

Mating success of resident and non-resident males, respectively, in 127 mating trials during which a female exercised mate choice between a resident male that controlled a 2×2 m sunspot territory and a non-resident male without sunspot territory; values are given with a 95% CI.

Figure 2

Female landing frequencies in three categories, the large sunspot, the small sunspot or in the shade, for 57 females during June and July 2006. In the cases where no landing was recorded, the female was discovered and mated immediately after first takeoff.