Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2007 Jul;73(13):4185-90.
doi: 10.1128/AEM.00326-07. Epub 2007 May 11.

Effective heat inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in raw milk contaminated with naturally infected feces

Jan L W Rademaker  1 , Marc M M Vissers, Meike C Te Giffel
Affiliations

Effective heat inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in raw milk contaminated with naturally infected feces

Jan L W Rademaker et al. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Jul.

Abstract

The effectiveness of high-temperature, short holding time (HTST) pasteurization and homogenization with respect to inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was evaluated quantitatively. This allowed a detailed determination of inactivation kinetics. High concentrations of feces from cows with clinical symptoms of Johne's disease were used to contaminate raw milk in order to realistically mimic possible incidents most closely. Final M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis concentrations varying from 10(2) to 3.5 x 10(5) cells per ml raw milk were used. Heat treatments including industrial HTST were simulated on a pilot scale with 22 different time-temperature combinations, including 60 to 90 degrees C at holding (mean residence) times of 6 to 15 s. Following 72 degrees C and a holding time of 6 s, 70 degrees C for 10 and 15 s, or under more stringent conditions, no viable M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells were recovered, resulting in >4.2- to >7.1-fold reductions, depending on the original inoculum concentrations. Inactivation kinetic modeling of 69 quantitative data points yielded an E(a) of 305,635 J/mol and an lnk(0) of 107.2, corresponding to a D value of 1.2 s at 72 degrees C and a Z value of 7.7 degrees C. Homogenization did not significantly affect the inactivation. The conclusion can be drawn that HTST pasteurization conditions equal to 15 s at > or =72 degrees C result in a more-than-sevenfold reduction of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
Pilot scale indirect pasteurizer.
FIG. 2.
FIG. 2.
Measured versus calculated n-fold reductions. SSE, sum of the square of the differences between measured and calculated data points; SST, difference between the sum of squares and the square of the sum of the data points divided by the number of data points.
FIG. 3.
FIG. 3.
Temperature-time combinations needed for inactivation of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and during various dairy production processes.
FIG. 4.
FIG. 4.
Pasteurization inactivation constant of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis versus temperature with (+) or without (○) homogenization.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Abubakar, I., D. J. Myhill, A. R. Hart, I. Lake, I. Harvey J. M. Rhodes, R. Robinson, A. J. Lobo, C. S. J. Probert, and P. R. Hunter. 2007. A case-control study of drinking water and dairy products in Crohn's disease—further investigation of the possible role of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 165:776-783. - PubMed
    1. Ayele, W. Y., M. Machackova, and I. Pavlik. 2001. The transmission and impact of paratuberculosis infection in domestic and wild ruminants. Vet. Med. (Prague) 46:205-224.
    1. Bigelow, W. D. 1921. The logarithmic nature of thermal death time curves. J. Infect. Dis. 29:528-536.
    1. Chiodini, R. J., H. J. Van Kruiningen, and R. S. Mekal. 1984. Ruminant paratuberculosis (Johne's disease): the current status and future prospects. Cornell Vet. 74:218-262. - PubMed
    1. De Jong, P., M. Verschueren, M. M. M. Vissers, J. Straatsma, and F. Smit. 2002. Hybrid modelling for development and optimisation of food production chains including costs and food quality, p. 13-17. In B. O'Connor and D. Thiel (ed.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Simulation in Food and Bio Industries. SCS Europe, Ghent, Belgium.