Antigenotoxic effects of the phytoestrogen pelargonidin chloride and the polyphenol chlorogenic acid

Abstract

Pelargonidin (PEL), a common anthocyanidin with estrogenic activity, was tested in HL-60 cells for its genotoxicity and possible antigenotoxic effects against 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (NQO), a potent mutagen and carcinogen which induces oxidative stress. To take into account potential interactions between phytochemicals within normal human nutrition, we evaluated a combination of PEL with the nonestrogenic phytochemical chlorogenic acid (CLA), one of the most abundant polyphenols in the human diet. PEL (< or = 2 microM) and CLA (< or = 800 microM) were nongenotoxic in the micronucleus test. We observed significant antigenotoxic effects against NQO with both compounds, but no additive interaction of PEL and CLA. Comet assay results showed a nonsignificant reduction in NQO-induced DNA damage with both compounds and their combination. Flow cytometric analysis of oxidative stress revealed significant protection against NQO-induced oxidative stress by PEL, CLA, and their combination. Furthermore, PEL and CLA prevented the NQO-induced reduction in GSH level. This could be a mechanism for the observed reduction in genotoxicity. In conclusion, the phytoestrogen PEL revealed antioxidative and antigenotoxic properties in HL-60 cells, but no significant additive interaction with the abundant nutritional polyphenol CLA under the tested conditions.