Treatment of anorexia nervosa is associated with increases in bone mineral density, and recovery is a biphasic process involving both nutrition and return of menses

Abstract

Background: Recovery from osteoporosis in anorexia nervosa (AN) is uncertain.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to understand the changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in women with AN and the mechanisms of recovery from osteopenia.

Design: We studied BMD and markers of bone formation and resorption, osteocalcin and N-telopeptide (NTX), in patients with AN (n=28) who were following a behavioral weight-gain protocol.

Results: Anorexic patients experienced significant percentage increases in BMD (4.38 +/- 7.48% for spine; 3.77 +/- 8.8% for hip; P<0.05 for both) from admission until recovery of 90% ideal body weight, achieved over 2.2 mo. NTX concentrations were higher in patients with AN at admission than in healthy control subjects (n=11; 69.0 +/- 31.09 and 48.3 +/- 14.38 nmol/mmol creatinine, respectively; P<0.05) and in reference control subjects (n=30; 69.0 +/- 31.09 and 37.0+/-6.00 nmol/mmol creatinine, respectively; P<0.001). In weight-recovered subjects with AN, osteocalcin increased (from 8.0 +/- 3.05 to 11.2 +/- 6.54 ng/mL; P<0.05), whereas NTX remained elevated (from 69.0 +/- 31.09 to 66.7 +/- 45.5 nmol/mmol creatinine; NS). A decrease in NTX (from 70.7 +/- 40.84 to 45.9 +/- 22.72 nmol/mmol creatinine; NS) occurred only in the subgroup of subjects who regained menses with weight recovery.

Conclusions: Nutritional rehabilitation induces a powerful anabolic effect on bone. However, a fall of NTX and a shift from the dominant resorptive state, which we postulate involves full recovery, may involve a hormonal mechanism and require a return of menses. Nutritional rehabilitation appears to be critical to bone recovery and may explain the ineffectiveness of estrogen treatment alone on BMD in the cachectic state.