Global relationships of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) revealed using Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial COI DNA sequences

Abstract

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a species complex that is one of the most devastating agricultural pests worldwide and affects a broad range of food, fiber and ornamental crops. Unfortunately, using parsimony and neighbor joining methods, global phylogenetic relationships of the major races/biotypes of B. tabaci remain unresolved. Aside from the limitations of these methods, phylogenetic analyses have been limited to only small subsets of the global collection of B. tabaci, and thus limited taxon sampling has confounded the analyses. To improve our understanding of global B. tabaci phylogenetic relationships, a Bayesian phylogenetic technique was utilized to elucidate the relationships among all COI DNA sequence data available in GenBank for B. tabaci worldwide (366 specimens). As a result, the first well-resolved phylogeny for the B. tabaci species complex was produced showing 12 major well-resolved (0.70 posterior probability or above) genetic groups: B. tabaci (Mediterranean/Asia Minor/Africa), B. tabaci (Mediterranean), B. tabaci (Indian Ocean), B. tabaci (sub-Saharan Africa silverleafing), B. tabaci (Asia I), B. tabaci (Australia), B. tabaci (China), B. tabaci (Asia II), B. tabaci (Italy), B. tabaci (New World), B. tabaci (sub-Saharan Africa non-silverleafing) and B. tabaci (Uganda sweet potato). Further analysis of this phylogeny shows a close relationship of the New World B. tabaci with Asian biotypes, and characteristics of the major sub-Saharan Africa non-silverleafing clade strongly supports an African origin of B. tabaci due to its position at the base of the global phylogeny, and the diversity of well-resolved sub-clades within this group. Bayesian re-analyses of B. tabaci ITS, COI, and a combined dataset from a previous study resulted in seven major well-resolved races with high posterior probabilities, also showing the utility of the Bayesian method. Relationships of the 12 major B. tabaci genetic groups are discussed herein.