Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2007 Jul 18;2007(3):CD006240.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006240.pub2.

Therapeutic touch for anxiety disorders

Affiliations

Therapeutic touch for anxiety disorders

J Robinson et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Anxiety disorders are a common occurrence in today's society. There is interest from the community in the use of complementary therapies for anxiety disorders. This review examined the currently available evidence supporting the use of therapeutic touch in treating anxiety disorders.

Objectives: To examine the efficacy and adverse effects of therapeutic touch for anxiety disorders.

Search strategy: We searched the Cochrane Collaboration Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Controlled Trials Registers (CCDANCTR-Studies and CCDANCTR-References) (search date 13/01/06), the Controlled Trials website and Dissertation Abstracts International. Searches of reference lists of retrieved papers were also carried out and experts in the field were contacted.

Selection criteria: Inclusion criteria included all published and unpublished randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing therapeutic touch with sham (mimic) TT, pharmacological therapy, psychological treatment, other treatment or no treatment /waiting list. The participants included adults with an anxiety disorder defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV),the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), validated diagnostic instruments, or other validated clinician or self-report instruments.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently applied inclusion criteria. Further information was sought from trialists where papers contained insufficient information to make a decision about eligibility.

Main results: No randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials of therapeutic touch for anxiety disorders were identified.

Authors' conclusions: Given the high prevalence of anxiety disorders and the current paucity of evidence on therapeutic touch in this population, there is a need for well conducted randomised controlled trials to examine the effectiveness of therapeutic touch for anxiety disorders.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

None known

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006240

Similar articles

Cited by

References

References to studies excluded from this review

Gagne 1994 {published data only}
    1. Gagne D, Toye RC. The effects of therapeutic touch and relaxation in reducing anxiety. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 1994;VIII(3):184‐9. - PubMed
Hale 1986 {published data only}
    1. Hale EH. A study of the relationship between therapeutic touch and the anxiety of hospitalized adults. Doctoral Dissertation. Texas Women's University, Houston 1986.
Larden 2004 {published data only}
    1. Larden CN, Palmer ML, Janssen P. Efficacy of therapeutic touch in treating pregnant inpatients who have a chemical dependency. Journal of Holistic Nursing 2004;22(4):320‐32. - PubMed
Lin 1998 {published data only}
    1. Lin YS, Taylor G. Effects of therapeutic touch in reducing pain and anxiety in an elderly population. Integrative Medicine 1998;1(4):155‐62.
McElligott 2003 {published data only}
    1. McElligott D, Holz MB, Carollo L, Somerville S, Baggett M, Kuzniewski S, Qiuhu S. A pilot feasibility study of the effects of touch therapy on nurses. Journal of the New York State Nurses Association 2003;Spring/Summer:16‐24. - PubMed
Olson 1992 {published data only}
    1. Olson M, Sneed N, Bonadonna R, Ratliff J, Dias J. Therapeutic touch and post‐Hurricane Hugo stress. Journal of Holistic Nursing 1992;10(2):120‐36. - PubMed
Olson 1995 {published data only}
    1. Olson M, Sneed N. Anxiety and therapeutic touch. Issues in Mental health Nursing 1995;16(2):97‐108. - PubMed
Parkes 1986 {published data only}
    1. Parkes BS. Therapeutic touch as an intervention to reduce anxiety in elderly hospitalized patients. Doctoral Dissertation. University of Texas, Austin 1986.
Quinn 1984 {published data only}
    1. Quinn JF. Therapeutic touch as energy exchange: testing the theory. Advance in Nursing Science 1984;6(2):42‐9. - PubMed
Quinn 1989 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Quinn JF. Therapeutic touch as energy exchange: replication and extension. Nursing Science Quarterly 1989;2(2):79‐87. - PubMed
Turner 1998 {published data only}
    1. Turner JG, Clark AJ, Gauthier DK, Williams M. The effect of therapeutic touch on pain and anxiety in burns patients. Journal of Advanced Nursing 1998;28(1):10‐20. - PubMed

Additional references

Altman 1996
    1. Altman DG, Bland JM. Detecting skewness fron summary information. BMJ 1996;313(7066):1200. - PMC - PubMed
APA 1994
    1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th Edition. Washington.DC.: American psychiatric Association, 1994.
Beck 1988
    1. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1988;56:893‐7. - PubMed
Bijl 1998
    1. Bijl RV, Ravelli A, Zessen G. Prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the general population: results of the netherlans Mental health Survey and Incidence study (NEMESIS). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 1998;33(12):587‐95. - PubMed
Borkovec 1993
    1. Borkovec TD, Costello E. Efficacy of applied relaxation therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1993;61:611‐9. - PubMed
Carter 2001
    1. Carter RM, Wittchen HU, Pfister H. Kessler RC. One‐year prevalence of subthreshold and threshold DSM‐IV generalized anxiety disorder in a nationally representative sample. Depression and Anxiety 2001;13:78‐88. - PubMed
Cox 2003
    1. Cox T. A nurse‐statistician reanalyses data fron the Rosa Therapeutic Touch study. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 2003;9(1):58‐66. - PubMed
Greenberg 1999
    1. Greenberg PE, Sisitisky T, Kessler RC, Finkelstein SN. The economic burden of anxiety disorders in the 1990's. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1999;60:427‐35. - PubMed
Hagemaster 2000
    1. Hagemaster J. Use of Therapeutic Touch in treatment of drug addictions. Holistic Nursing Practice 2000;14(3):14‐20. - PubMed
Hale 1986
    1. Hale EH. A study of the relationship between Therapeutic Touch and the anxiety levels of hospitalized adults. Doctoral Dissertation, Texas Women's University, Houston 1986.
Hamilton 1959
    1. Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology 1959;32:50‐5. - PubMed
Heidt 1981
    1. Heidt P. The effects of therapeutic Touch on anxiety level of hospitalized patients. Nursing Research 1981;30:32‐7. - PubMed
Higgins 2005
    1. Higgins JP, Green S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 3. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2005.
Kessler 1994
    1. Kessler RC, McGonigle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, et al. Lifetime and 12 month prevalence of DSM‐III‐R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry 1994;51(1):8‐19. - PubMed
Kramer 1990
    1. Kramer NA. Comparison of Therapeutic Touch and causal touch in stress reduction in hospitalized children. Pediatric Nursing 1990;16:483‐5. - PubMed
Krieger 1993
    1. Krieger D. Accepting your power to Heal: The personal Practice of Therapeutic Touch. Santa Fe, NM: Bear and Company, 1993.
Krieger 1997
    1. Krieger D. Therapeutic Touch Inner Workbook: Ventures in Transpersonal Healing. Santa Fe, NM: Bear and company, 1997.
Lin 1998
    1. Lin Y, Taylor AG. Effects of Therapeutic Touch in reducing pain and anxiety in the elderly population. Integrative Medicine 1998;1(4):155‐62.
Lydiard 1997
    1. Lydiard RB, Ballenger JC, Rickels K. A double‐blind evaluation of the safety and efficacy of abecarnil, alprazolam and placebo in outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1997;58:11‐8. - PubMed
Meyer 1990
    1. Meyer TJ, Miller ML, Metzger RL, Borkovec TD. Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1990;28:487‐95. - PubMed
O'Mathuna 2003
    1. O'Mathuna DP, Ashford RL. Therapeutic Touch for Healing Acute Wounds. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 4. - PubMed
Olson 1995
    1. Olson M, Sneed N. Anxiety and Therapeutic Touch. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 1995;16(2):97‐108. - PubMed
Olson 1997
    1. Olson M, Sneed N, LaVia M, Virella G, Bonadonna R, Michel Y. Stress‐induced immunosuppression and Therapeutic touch. Alternative therapies 1997;3(2):68‐74. - PubMed
Paykel 1998
    1. Paykel ES, Hart D, Priest RG. Changes in public attitudes to depression during the Defeat Depression Campaign. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998;173:519‐22. - PubMed
Peck 1998
    1. Peck SD. The efficacy of Therapeutic Touch for improving functional ability in elders with degenerative arthritis. Nursing Science Quarterly 1998;11(3):123‐32. - PubMed
Peters 1999
    1. Peters RM. The effectiveness of Therapeutic Touch: A meta‐analytic review. Nursing Science Quarterly 1999;12(1):52‐61. - PubMed
RevMan 2004 [Computer program]
    1. The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 4.2 for Windows. Oxford, England: The Cochrane Collaboration, 2004.
Rogers 1970
    1. Rogers MA. An introduction to the theoretical basis of nursing. Philadelphia, PA: FA Davis, 1970.
Rosa 1998
    1. Rosa L, Roas E, Sarner L, Barrett S. An even closer look at Therapeutic Touch. JAMA 1998;280:1905‐8. - PubMed
Sayre‐Adams 2002
    1. Sayre‐Adams J. Therapeutic Touch. In: Rankin‐Box D editor(s). The Nurses Handbook of Complementary Therapies. 2nd Edition. London: Bailliere Tindall, 2002:267‐71.
Schulz 1995
    1. Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Hayes RJ, Altman D. Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. JAMA 1995;273(5):408‐12. - PubMed
Shader 1993
    1. Shader RI, Greenblatt DJ. Use of benzodiazepines in anxiety disorders. New England Journal of Medicine 1993;328:1398‐405. - PubMed
Spielberger 1983
    1. Spielberger CD, Goruch RL, Lushene R, Vagg PR, Jacobs GA. Manual for the State‐Trait Anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1983.
Tall 2003
    1. Tall FD. A close look at " A close look at Therapeutic Touch". Nursing Outlook 2003;51(3):126‐9. - PubMed
Turner 1998
    1. Turner JG, Clark AJ, Gauthier DK, Williams M. The effect of Therapeutic Touch on pain and anxiety in burn patients. Journal of Advanced Nursing 1998;28(1):10‐20. - PubMed
Weissman 1997
    1. Weissman MM, Bland RC. The cross‐national epidemiology of panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 1997;136(8):1085‐6. - PubMed
WHO 1992
    1. World health Organization. The ICD 10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders : Clinical description and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992.
Wittchen 2002
    1. Wittchen HU. Generalized anxiety disorder: Prevalence, burden and cost to society. Depression and Anxiety 2002;16(4):162‐71. - PubMed
Zigmond 1983
    1. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1983;67:361‐70. - PubMed

Publication types