Closure of symptomatic ventricular septal defects: how early is too early?

Abstract

With improvements in technology and surgical technique, pediatric cardiologists are challenging surgeons to close symptomatic ventricular septal defects (VSDs) in ever smaller patients. Although delaying surgery may facilitate operative repair, early intervention decreases the period of time these patients require therapy to prevent heart failure, maintains growth, and minimizes exposure to increased pulmonary pressures. To evaluate early intervention, we compare the outcomes of VSD closure in different-sized children. From December 2002 to July 2005, 225 patients underwent closure of a VSD. These patients were divided into four weight-based groups: <4 kg (group 1, n = 28), 4 to 6 kg (group 2, n = 93), 6 to 10 kg (group 3, n = 47), and >10 kg (group 4, n = 57). We reviewed operative and postoperative data, and comparisons were made between the groups. Median weights and ages at the time of surgery were 3.5 kg and 77 days (group 1), 4.9 kg and 128 days (group 2), 7.1 kg and 309 days (group 3), and 18.2 kg and 190 days (group 4). Operative data included cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), aortic cross-clamp, and procedure times. CPB (p = 0.064), cross-clamp (p = 0.665), and procedure (p = 0.187) times were not significantly affected by decreasing weight. Postoperative continuous data included duration of ventilation and length of intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stay. Ventilation (p = 0.667) and ICU (p = 0.976) times and length of hospital stay (p = 0.905) were also unaffected by decreasing weight. Postoperative catagoric data included complications and presence of a residual VSD. There was no significant difference in complications (p = 0.763) or residual VSD (p = 0.696) between groups. There was no mortality and no persistent heart block requiring placement of a permanent pacemaker. With improvements in technology and surgical technique, safe and effective VSD closure can be performed in increasingly smaller children. Earlier repair decreases the period of time these patients require aggressive medical therapy to prevent heart failure and maintain growth. It also decreases the period of time for which they are exposed to increased pulmonary pressures and are at risk for infectious respiratory complications. It does not appear to affect operative or postoperative outcomes.