Commonly used antioxidant botanicals: active constituents and their potential role in cardiovascular illness

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease continues to be the leading cause of death in the US. Recent studies found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been incriminated in the pathogenesis of both acute and chronic heart disease. Many botanicals possess antioxidant properties, and these herbal antioxidants may protect against cardiovascular diseases by contributing to the total antioxidant defense system of the human body. In this article, we reviewed the antioxidant components and properties of four putative antioxidant botanicals (i.e., grape seeds, green tea, Scutellaria baicalensis, and American ginseng), and their potential role in treating cardiovascular illness. The antioxidant activities of the herbal active constituents, and the relationship between their chemical structures and biological functions were also discussed. Further investigations are needed on the mechanisms of action of these botanicals as they affect salient cellular and molecular pathways involved in major diseases. Data obtained from future studies will have the potential for translation into practical benefits for human health.

Figure 1

Four antioxidant components in grape seeds.

Figure 2

Resonance stabilization of semiquinone radical.

Figure 3

Products obtained by H₂O₂-dependent horseradish peroxidase (HRP) oxidation of catechin.

Figure 4

Four antioxidant components in green tea.

Figure 5

Antioxidant reaction of gallic acid (GA) and epigallocatechin (EGC).

Figure 6

Three flavonoids from S. baicalensis.

Figure 7

Reaction mechanism of baicalin with e_aq⁻.

Figure 8

Metabolic pathway of baicalin against oxidative burst.

Figure 9

Six ginsenosides in American ginseng.