[Smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer]

Abstract

Smoking is the main risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. Being a chronic disease, COPD severely impairs the quality of life. Lung cancer is the leading cause of death among German males and the third most important cause of death among German females. This review gives data on the primary prevention of both diseases and the beneficial effects of smoking cessation following disease manifestation. Smoking-induced oxidative stress triggers a chronic inflammation which is central to the pathogenesis of COPD. Smoking causes lung cancer by oncogenic mutations as well as inhibition of tumour-supressor genes. Women have an increased risk to develop COPD and lung cancer as compared to men when exposed to the same amounts of tobacco smoke. Smoking cessation is the only treatment capable of reducing exacerbations and mortality as well as sustainedly improving lung function. The high level of nicotine dependence in COPD patients mandates an intensive smoking cessation treatment including pharmacotherapy and psychosocial intervention. In patients with lung cancer, smoking cessation has confirmed favourable effects on body weight, performance status, postoperative complications and mortality. Thus, smoking cessation should be an integral part of lung cancer treatment. Further research is needed to better delineate the effects of smoking cessation in relation to other treatment modalities.