Changes in the tumor grade and biological markers in locally advanced breast cancer after chemotherapy--implications for a pathologist

Abstract

There is insurgence of literature evaluating prognostic and predictive factors in breast carcinomas treated with chemotherapy, with a parallel need to develop guidelines for the pathologist interpreting such excisions. Prechemotherapy gun biopsy and postchemotherapy excision specimens from 78 women with locally advanced breast cancer were analyzed for histological changes in the tumor, changes in the tumor grade, hormone receptors, cerb2, and bcl2 and their impact on disease-free survival (DFS). An unusually prominent granulomatous response to tumor was seen in three cases. The tumor grade changed in five patients, estrogen receptor (ER) expression was altered in 10 cases, progesterone receptor detection changed in 16 cases, cerb2 in one case and bcl2 in 16 cases. Fixation of the gun biopsy in Bouin's fluid and severe damage of nuclei after chemotherapy were the reasons for shift in the expression of hormone receptors. A low-grade tumor was associated with better response to chemotherapy. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis the ER expression and a low-grade tumor (grade I and II) significantly affected DFS. None of the factors evaluated impacted the overall survival of patients. To conclude there is a change in the tumor grade, bcl2, cerb2 and hormone receptors after chemotherapy. A pathologist interpreting specimens of breast cancer after chemotherapy must always record the postchemotherapy grade as it is an indicator of better response to chemotherapy and survival.