Who survives from out-of-hospital pulseless electrical activity?

Abstract

Aim of the study: To study factors associated with short-term and long-term survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest presenting with pulseless electrical activity (PEA).

Materials and methods: This was a retrospective observational study. All out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Helsinki, Finland during 1 January 1997-31 December 2005 were prospectively registered in the cardiac arrest database. Of 3291 arrests 984 had PEA as the first registered rhythm.

Results: The use of adrenaline was the only factor associated with long-term survival, by increasing mortality. Increasing delay to the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was the only factor associated with survival among patients that survived to admission, also by increasing mortality. There were no survivors that were discharged in overall performance category (OPC) 1-2 after a bystander-witnessed arrest (excluding cases of hypothermia and/or near-drowning) with first responding unit (FRU)-delay over 14 min, or that were resuscitated for more than 20 min. There were no survivors who were discharged in OPC 1-2 after an unwitnessed arrest with the duration of advanced life support (ALS) exceeding 5.5 min.

Conclusions: The use of adrenaline during resuscitation was the only significant factor which was found to decrease the long-term survival. Among admitted patients, short delay to ROSC was the only factor associated with increased survival. Bystander-CPR and delays to the arrival of the FRU or to the initiation of ALS were not associated with survival. Therefore, it seems difficult to increase survival rates of PEA by improving the chain of survival. More effort should be put to education of the public to call for an ambulance before the cardiac arrest occurs.