Fossil mycorrhizae: a case for symbiosis

Abstract

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae are significant in the physiology and ecology of extant vascular plants, and they may also have played a major role in the origin of the vascular land flora. The case for fossil vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae rests upon hyphae and chlamydospore-like bodies in several Paleozoic taxa, but fossil arbuscles are unknown to date. Specimens from the Triassic of Antarctica represent the first known occurrence of arbuscles in the fossil record.