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Review
. 2007:45:35-50.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2007.00222.x.

Oral mucosal dendritic cells and periodontitis: many sides of the same coin with new twists

Christopher W Cutler  1 , Yen-Tung A Teng
Affiliations
Review

Oral mucosal dendritic cells and periodontitis: many sides of the same coin with new twists

Christopher W Cutler et al. Periodontol 2000. 2007.
No abstract available

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Trafficking of dendritic cells, their precursors tightly regulated by chemokines and chemokine receptors. (A) Chemokines and their receptors mediate the directed migration of dendritic cells, T cells and their progenitors into peripheral tissues. (B) Dendritic cells encounter microbes at infected sites and recognize them by expression of pattern recognition receptors [e.g. Toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains (NODs)]. This activates intracellular signaling cascades resulting in transcription of chemokines that, in turn attract more dendritic cells, natural killer cells, T cells, and neutrophils into the site. (C) Dendritic cells are stimulated to migrate through the lymphatics towards the lymph nodes and spleen and to find naive T cells by coordinate regulation of CCR7, CXCR5. CCR, CC chemokine receptor; CLA, cutaneous leukocyte antigen; CXCR, CXC chemokine receptor; CCL, CC chemokine ligand; DC, dendritic cell; Fim, fimbriae; GRO, growth-related oncogene α, β, γ or CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, respectively; IL-8, interleukin-8; IP-10, inter-feron-inducible protein-10; I-TAC, interferon-inducible T-cell A chemoattractant; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1; MDC, macrophage-derived chemokine or CCL22; MIP-3α, macrophage-inflammatory protein 3α; NK cell, natural killer cell; PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; RANTES, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (CCL5 or SISd); SLC, secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine or CCL21; TARC, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine or CCL17; TLR, Toll-like receptors.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Oral lymphoid foci: semi-organized dendritic cell–T-cell infiltrates in gingiva exposed to oral biofilm. The results of recent case–control immunohistochemical studies of healthy (A) and diseased (B) gingival tissues from humans suggest distinct changes in lymphoid and dendritic cell infiltrates. The healthy gingival epithelium is populated by large numbers of resident Langerin+ Langerhans cells; moreover, intraepithelial Langerhans cells decrease in number in periodontitis, undergo efflux towards the lamina propria, and begin to express CD83 at the basement lamina, presumably in response to changes in the oral biofilm, and the release of microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing nonintegrin-positive (DC-SIGN+) interstitial dendritic cells, almost absent in the healthy lamina propria, increase by about four-fold in diseased lamina propria and also begin to express CD83 (62). The increase in CD83+ cells in diseased lamina propria is approximately sixfold (65); moreover CD83+ mature dendritic cells form immune conjugates with CD4+ T cells (62). Note that CD83+ B cells have also been identified in diseased gingiva (45), as have nonconventional T-cell populations that are not involved in recognition of protein antigens (20). These include intraepithelial γδ T cells (46, 86) and natural killer cells (6). Polymorphonuclear leukocytes migrate out through the gingival pocket epithelium towards the oral biofilm. Abbreviations: DC, dendritic cell; Mo, monocyte; Mϕ, macrophages.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Dendritic cell-derived osteoclasts (DCOC): alternative players in inflammation-induced osteoclastogenesis. Immature CD11c+ dendritic cells may act as osteoclast precursors and thus develop into functional osteoclasts in the bone environment in response to RANKL / RANK signaling during the immune interactions with CD4+ T cells in the presence of microbial products (or protein) antigens (5) or via macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling (115). DC, dendritic cell; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; HSC, human stem cell; Mϕ, macrophage; M-CSF, monocytercolony stimulating factor; OC, osteoclast; RANK, receptor activator of NF-kappaB; RANKL, RANK-ligand.
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References

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